pellis

pellis , is, f.: a skin, hide, 2.722, et al.

pellis, is (abl. sing. pelle; but pelli, Lucr. 6, 1270; App. Mag. 22), f. [Gr. πέλλα, πέλας, skin; cf. ἐρυσίπελας, ἐπιπολή, surface; also, πλατύς, and Lat. palam], a skin, hide (of a beast), whether on the body or taken off; a felt, pelt, etc.

• I Lit., Varr. R. R. 2, 1, 6: inaurata arietis, Enn. ap. Auct. Her. 2, 22, 34 (Trag. v. 285 Vahl.): rana rugosam inflavit pellem, Phaedr. 1, 23, 4; Col. 6, 13, 2: nationes caprarum pellibus vestitae, Varr. R. R. 2, 11, 11; cf.: quam tu numquam vides nisi cum pelle caprinā, Cic. N. D. 1, 29, 82: pelles pro velis, Caes. B. G. 3, 13: fulvique insternor pelle leonis, Verg. A. 2, 722: pelles perficere, Plin. 24, 11, 56, § 94: pelles candidas conficere, id. 13, 6, 13, § 55: pecudes aureas habuisse pelles tradiderunt, Varr. R. R. 2, 1, 6.—Poet., of the human skin: frigida pellis Duraque, Lucr. 6, 1194: ossa atque pellis tota est, Plaut. Aul. 3, 6, 28 (564); id. Capt. 1, 2, 32 (141): pellis nostra, Vulg. Thren. 5, 10; id. Job, 10, 11; 19, 20: pellem habere Hercules fingitur, ut homines cultus antiqui admoneantur. Lugentes quoque diebus luctus in pellibus sunt, Paul. ex Fest. p. 207 Müll.; cf.: deformem pro cute pellem aspice, Juv. 10, 192.—Prov.: detrahere pellem, i. e. to pull off the mask which conceals a person's faults, Hor. S. 2, 1, 64: introrsum turpis, speciosus pelle decorā, with a showy outside, id. Ep. 1, 16, 45: cf. Pers. 4, 14: in propriā pelle quiescere, to be content with one's own state or condition, Hor. S. 1, 6, 22 (v. pellicula): caninam pellem rodere, said of lampooning a slanderer, Mart. 5, 60, 10: pellem pro pelle, et cuncta quae habet homo dabit pro animā suā, Vulg. Job, 2, 4: si mutare potest Aethiops pellem suam, id. Jer. 13, 23.—
• II Transf.
• • A Leather: ruptā calceus alter Pelle patet, Juv. 3, 150.—
  • B A garment, article of clothing made of skin, Col. 1, 8; cf. Ov. Tr. 3, 10, 19: pes in pelle natet, in the shoe, id. A. A. 1, 516; Pers. 5, 140.—
  • C A tent for soldiers (because it was covered with skins); usually in the phrase sub pellibus, in the camp: ut non multum imperatori sub ipsis pellibus otii relinquatur, Cic. Ac. 2 (Luc.), 2, 4: sub pellibus milites contineri non possent, Caes. B. G. 3, 29 fin.: (Caesar) sub pellibus hiemare constituit, id. B. C. 3, 13 fin.; cf. Liv. 37, 39: durare sub pellibus, id. 5, 2; Tac. A. 13, 35; 14, 38: pellium nomine, for covering shields, Cic. Pis. 36, 87.—
  • D Parchment: pellibus exiguis artatur Livius ingens, on little parchments, Mart. 14, 190, 1.—
  • E A drum: pelles caedere, Min. Fel. 24, 4.

pellis, is, f. (griech. πέλας, Haut, ahd. fel), das Fell, I) das Fell, der Pelz, die Haut, sowohl abgezogen als noch am Leibe befindlich, caprae, Varro: ovis, Lact.: vervecum pelles, Sulp. Sev.: p. agnina, ICt.: aprinea, Hyg.: bubula, Varro fr.: canina, Scrib. Larg.: caprina, Cic.: haedina, Val. Max. u. Sen.: leonina, Plin. u. Hyg.: ursina, Veget. mul. u. Edict. Diocl.: rugosa, Phaedr.: pelles Babylonicae, Parthicae, ICt.: lanatae, ICt.: indutoriae, ICt.: pelles, quibus involvuntur vestimenta, ICt.: pelles pro velis tenuiter confectae, Caes.: pelles candidas conficere, Plin.: detrahere (alci) pellem, Hor. u. Phaedr.: detrahere pellem alcis corpori, Plin.: caprarum pellibus vestitos esse, Varro: leonis pellem pro tegumento habere, Hyg. – Sprichw., caninam pellem radere, lästern, schmähen, Mart. 5, 60, 10. – bildl., detrahere alci pellem, die Fehler aufdecken, Hor. sat. 2, 1, 64: introrsum turpis, speciosus pelle decorā, von außen gleißend, Hor. ep. 1, 16, 45. – II) verarbeitet, 1) das Fell, die Haut, das Leder, a) zur Bedeckung der Winterzelte, sub pellibus, in Winterzelten (hingegen in hibernis, in den Winterquartieren übh.), Caes. u.a. – b) zur Bekleidung, pellibus tecta tempora, Pelzmütze, Ov.: pellium nomine, zu Schilden, Cic. – c) das Pergament, Mart. 14, 190, 1. – 2) meton.: a) der Schuhriemen, Schnürriemen, pelles nigrae, Hor. sat. 1, 6, 27. – b) der Schuh, ne vagus in laxa pes tibi pelle natet (schlottere), Ov. art. am. 1, 516: u. so (wohl danach) si pes laxā pelle non folleat (schlottert), Hieron. epist. 22, 28. – ➳ Abl. Sing. gew. pelle; doch auch pelli, *Lucr. 6, 1268. *Ps. Verg. Cir. 506 H. Apul. apol. 22 extr. (doch Krüger pelle). Corp. inscr. Lat. 2, 2660, e.

pellis [CL] 1 natural outer covering of body, skin, hide; b (of human, also synecdochic transf.); c (of animal); d membrane or shell of an egg. ~is, fel GlC P371; cutis, vel ~is, hyd Ælf. Gl. 159; hec ~is, pel Gl. AN Glasg. f. 19vb; hec cutis, hec ~is, a skyne WW.  b si mutare potest Aethiops ~em suam aut pardus varietates suas Gildas EB 50 (Jer. xiii 23) ; si ‥ peccavi, primus [sc. Moyses] in illo pro praedicta culpa ~em meam percutiat Anselm (Ep. 140) III 286; non mutabit Ethiops ~em suam W. Malm. GR II 121 p. 184; ~i ‥ sue verens Gir. GE II 27 p. 304; inter carnem et spiritum amaritudinis divortio consummato, ~ibus mortalibus nihil aliud superest nisi sepultum Flor. Hist. III 138; c1400 Ricardus Liounes, audiens se taliter accusatum, timens ~i sue, misit domino Edwardo principi mille libras cum aliis exenniis et donativis Chr. Angl. 79.  c mox draco crudelis sermonum pondere pressus / deserit obscurum squamosa pelle tigillum Aldh. VirgV 2402; venerunt statim ‥ duo pusilla animalia maritima humiliter proni in terram, lambentes pedes ejus, volutantes tergebant ~ibus suis V. Cuthb. II 3; ~em totam a capite lupe retrahens Gir. TH II 19 p. 102; ne se transfiguret Sathanas in angelum lucis, ne ~em ovinam lupus, pennas accipitris strucio Canon. G. Sempr. f. 48; vulpes ‥ dixit ad seipsum: induam me ~e ovina, et sic inter alias oves, ut ovis, ibo J. Sheppey Fab.; ipsa enim ovina ~is transfigurato lupo totius gregis ruina est J. Bury Glad. Sal. 604; hec ~is, A. the sckyn of a best WW.  d oculis videre / non potui; pascor nunc escis, pelle detectus / vivo Hwætberht Aen. 38 (Pullus) 3. 2 skin, hide, pelt, stripped from an animal and treated as a commodity; b (dist. acc. kind of animal); c (dist. acc. sort or use). d (transf.) roll (of fabric). 1383 aliquas pellas [sic] friscas (v. 1 friscus 3).  b de quarum ~ibus beluarum sibi gens quaedam apud Indos vestimentorum tegmina componit Lib. Monstr. II 26; martrinas ~es DB I 262va (v. marterinas 1); ~es caprinas DB II 119; cur agninas ~es haberet, qui sabelinas, vel castorinas, vel vulpinas habere posset et deberet W. Malm. Wulfst. 46; scortes ‥ ~is arietis feminino genere Osb. Glouc. Deriv. 545; ~em focinam J. Furness Pat. 93 (v. phocinus); 1245 in iiijxx ~ibus vulpium conreandis (v. correare b); 1246 ~is vero predicti fetonis liberata fuit Johanni Lovet, viridario SelPlForest 82; item pro ij ~is [sic] multonis emptis ad opus ejusdem domini Henrici Househ. Henry 409; 1351 in j pelle piscis canini pro operibus stall’—vjd. (KR Ac 492/27) Building in Eng. 346; 1440 in ij ~ibus equinis emptis pro campanis ij s. ij d. Ac. Durh. 409; c1520 et pro xx ~ibus vitulinis vij s. x d. et pro iij duodenis ~ium ovillarum albarum ix s. et pro iij magnis ~ibus damarum vj s. Arch. Hist. Camb. III 432.  c a1183 quieti ‥ de consuetudine nisi de crudis coreis et pilosis ~ibus (Cardiff) BBC 192; 1257 de lxxiij ~ibus pellutis multonum ovium matricium et hoggastrorum mortuorum de morina ante tonsionem Crawley 214; 1258 ~es nude ‥ ~es grosse Ib. 229; sex ~es ovium pilate Ac. Beaulieu 163; una ~is agnina conreata Ib. 225; 1277 de ix ~ibus lanatis et vij pellettis Ac. Stratton 209; 1294 nullus alius preterquam burgenses ulnabit, secabit, aut emdet ‥ pannos, lineos, vel laneos, nec coreas vel ~es virides, crudas, recentes, aut salicas Gild Merch. II 46; 1303 binda similiter de ~ibus pellectis sc. scherling j d. EEC 166; 1449 de ~ibus nudis xxxj multonum, j hurtardi, et xx matricium de morina post tonsionem Crawley 478; 1509 x dossene ~ium nigrarum Hispannie EEC 574.  d 1298 et de ij ~ibus de toyl Doc. Scot. II 319; computat liberasse attillatori duos ~es de toyle Ib. 322. 3 a (spec. as clothing, blanket, or sim.). b (as tent curtain, w. ref. to Cant. i 4). mulieres ‥ juxta montem Armeniae nascuntur, ~ibus indutae, barbam usque ad mammas prolixam habentes Lib. Monstr. I 22; hic namque ex barbis regum quos peremerat fecerat sibi ~es G. Mon. X 3 p. 473; suum fur ingressus conclave nocturnus ~es furtem subtrahere temptavit quibus dormiens coopertus fuit E. Thrip. Collect. Stories 209.  b here entreth fyve virgynes ‥ and syng: nigra sum sed formosa, filia Jerusalem, sicut tabernacula cedar et sicut ~es Salomonis Digby Plays 121. 4 treated skin, membrane, ‘skin’ of parchment; b (transf.). habe hoc graphium ‥ et hoc pergamenum ‥. si ita non vis facere et meam jussionem despexeris, statim ~em propriam dimittere debes Ælf. Bata 4. 16 p. 40; vervecum ~ibus atramento denigratis Eadmer HN p. 158 (v. monachellus); unde sagax ~es implere quit auctor ovinas Ord. Vit. XI prol. p. 160; vix finem potuit invenire scribendi. evasit itaque brevitas in immensum, schedula crevit in ~em, et epistola transivit in librum P. Blois Ep. 102. 326A; 1364 exhibuit curie unum rotulum vocatum ~em recepte scaccarii Dublinie ‥ continentem viginti et unum membrana (LTR Mem) Admin. Ir. 271; 1374 sicud continetur in ~e memorandorum RR K's Lynn II 115; summas quique solent in magna scribere pelle / scribere valde dolent dum non sit solvere velle Vers. Exch. 61; 1526 (v. contrarotulamentum b).  b si stelle scribe, pelles celum, maris unda esset incaustum Latin Stories 189 (v. cifra). 5 (bot., ~is bechice) coltsfoot (Tussilago). bichicon interpretatur ad tussym, unde ~em bichice Alph. 23. 6 (transf., phil.) skin, membrane (as partition). non repugnat dictis suis [sc. Augustini] quod magnitudo non sit una ~is media, sed quod sit quoddam predicabile accidentale Ockham Quodl. 444; si quantitas sit una ~is media inter substanciam et qualitatem, sicut homines dicunt communiter ‥ Ib. 454.

pellis, (10) is, f. , ¶ 1 peau : pellis caprina Cic. Nat. 1, 82, peau de chèvre || peau [sur quoi se coucher ou pour se couvrir], fourrure : Col. Rust. 1, 8, 9 ; Virg. En. 2, 722 ¶ 2 peau [tannée], cuir : pes in pelle natat Ov. Ars 1, 516, le pied danse dans le soulier || cordon de soulier : Hor. S. 1, 6, 27 ¶ 3 tente du soldat [recouverte de peaux] : sub pellibus Cic. Ac. 2, 4 ; Cæs. G. 3, 29, 2 ; C. 3, 13 ; Liv. 5, 2, sous la tente ¶ 4 parchemin : Mart. 14, 190, 1 ¶ 5 [fig.] a) enveloppe, extérieur, dehors : Hor. S. 2, 1, 64 ; Ep. 1, 16, 45 ; Pers. 4, 14 ; b) condition : in propria pelle quiescere Hor. S. 1, 6, 22, se tenir dans sa propre peau, se contenter de son sort.

➳ abl. sing. pelle ; pelli Apul. *Apol. 22 ; CIL 2, 2660.

pellis , is. f. plur. pelles, ium.
皮。革。韋。皮袋。Quiescere in propria pelle 安分心足。Sub pellibus esse 居帳房。Pellem detrahere ei 透達入心。Pellem caninam rodere 吾謗謗我者。

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pellis is, f

• a skin, hide, felt, pelt: rugosa (ranae), Ph.: caprina: pelles pro velis, Cs.: fulvique insternor pelle leonis, V.: deformem pro cute pellem aspice, Iu.—Prov.: Detrahere pellem, i. e. to expose one's real nature, H.: Introrsum turpis, speciosus pelle decorā, with a showy outside, H.: in propriā pelle quiescere, to rest contented, H.—Tanned hide, leather, skin: ruptā calceus alter Pelle patet, Iu.: pecore compulso pellium nomine, to obtain leather (for shields): pes in pelle natet, in the shoe, O.—In the phrase, sub pellibus (because the winter tents were covered with skins), in winter tents, in camp, C., Cs.—A leathern sandal-tie, shoe-latchet, H.

PELLIS

PELLISThere can be no doubt that the oldest inhabitants of Italy and Greece, no less than those of the rest of Europe, were clad mainly, if not entirely, in skins. The period, however, when skins were thus universally worn, with though the ancients assumed its existence just as we do (cf. Varro, R. P. 2.11, 11; Propert. 5.1, 12), has left no trace in literature or art, except perhaps in the costume of certain gods, who, like Herakles with his lion-skin, remained true to primitive fashion. In Homeric times skins were worn as a mantle over the shirt by the poor,--Odysseus, for instance, dons a hairless deer-skin over the rags of a beggar (Od. 13.436; cf. Hesiod. Op. 545),--by archers (Paris, Il. 3.16), and by warriors when reconnoitring, as by the Greeks in the Doloneia (Il. 10.23, 29, 197, 334). The manner in which such skins were worn is very possibly shown by the figure of Hermes on the Francois vase, where he wears a skin fastened closely and symmetrically on his body by two clasps, the forelegs at his shoulders, the hind-legs hanging down his thighs.

Besides their use as garments, skins of wild and domestic animals, especially fleeces, were used as rugs and bedding. Leather, too, of some kind or other was employed for the manufacture of shoes, caps, harness, armour, and the other manifold uses to which leather is put.

The picture given by the literature of classical times is not far different from the Epic, for there, too, the use of skins as garments is confined to shepherds or folk in out-of-the-way parts. Pausanias tells of people in Euboea and Phocis who wore tunics of pig-skins (8.1, 2), and says that the Ozolian Locrians owed their name to the evil smell of the undressed skins which they wore (10.38, 2).

A number of the σκύτιναι ἐσθῆτες are catalogued and described by Pollux (7.68, 70). The best known are those which are mentioned in Aristophanes, where they occur as the garments of the poor, or as bed-clothes and rugs. They are:--

(1) The διφθέρα, which was a shepherd's cloak or coat of goat-skins sewn together (Aristoph. Nub. 71: cf. Eccl. 80; Plato, Crit. p. 53). According to Pollux (7.70), it had a hood and. could be pulled over the head. The garment worn by the shepherd in the Museo Pio Clam. 3.34 seems to answer to this description and to be a διφθέρα.

(2) The σισύρα, according to Pollux, was a tunic with sleeves of skins, with the hair turned inwards (σίσυρνα χιτὼν σκύτινος ἔντριχος χειριδωτός). It seems, however, to have been. more of a cloak than a tunic, and was worn for warmth (Arist. Ran. 1459), but was apparently even more frequently used to sleep in (Id. Av. 122) as a blanket (Id. Eccl. 421). The βαίτη, the cloak of shepherds in Sicily (Theoc. 3.25; 5.15), and elsewhere, seems to have been practically identical. with the Attic σισύρα (cf. Schol. ad Arist. Vesp. 738), both being doubtless of goat-or sheep-skin. In late authors the term σισύρα may possibly mean a piece of cloth. (Lucian, Rhet. Praec. 16; Longus, Past. 2.3).

(3) The κατωνάκη 7 was a coarse tunic trimmed sheep-skin, and was worn by slaves and labourers in the country ( Arist. Lys. 1151, Propert. 1155; Athen. 6. p. 271). Slaves at Sicyon went by the name of κατωνακοφόροι (Theopomp. Hist. 195).

(4) The σπολὰς was a leather jerkin worn by slaves over their tunic (θώραξ ἐκ δέρματος, κατὰ τοὺς ὤμους ἐφαπτόμενος, Pollux, 7.70; cf Arist. Av. 933, 935, 944). It was also worn by soldiers (Xen. Anab. 3.3, 20; 4.1-Z2, 18).

Besides these garments, Dio Chrysostom mentions (2.382) the κοσσύμβη as a shaggy shepherd's coat, and Hesychius says κόσσος was used with the same meaning.

Greek art gives very little information about the use of skins. Herakles appears in early art closely enveloped in his lion-skin, in later art wearing it hanging from his arm or shoulder, and Dionysus and his train are represented in spotted fawn-skins [NEBRIS]; but there is nothing in either case to lead one to suppose that the costume represented is one of ordinary use. In the same way the skins which cover chairs in mythological scenes, like the assembly of the gods on the Sosias cylix of the Berlin Museum (Mon. d. Inst. 1.25), do not seem to occur in representations borrowed from actual life. In fact, the only articles of dress of this material which may reasonably be considered actual are the fox-skin caps which some of the riders on the Parthenon frieze wear, and the hunting-boots, which show the paws and tail of the skin from which they were roughly made.

In Roman literature garments made of skins are not very often mentioned. Yet the shepherds and goat-herds wore, as they do to this day (particularly in the malarious regions of the Campagna), skin coats with sleeves (pelles manicatae, Colum. R. R. 1.89). The specific names of such garments have not survived except in the case of the mastruca, a sheep-skin coat worn in Sardinia (Quinct. 1.5, 8).

Keller has collected several passages illustrating the use of bear-skins. They are worn by Arcadian auxiliaries in the first Messenian war, and by the signiferi in the later Roman army (Veget. 2.16, borne out by many monuments): in Statius (Theb. 4.304) the Arcadians have a bear's head on their shields: in Silius Ital. 4.558, an Apulian horseman in the Second Punic War wears a bear-skin instead of a cuirass; so, too, Ancaeus the Arcadian (Orph. Argon. 199; cf. Acestes in Verg. A. 5.37): according to Strabo, 17. p. 828, the people of Mauritania wore skins of lions, panthers, and bears: for beds we have bear-skins mentioned in Verg. A. 8.368, Ov. Met. 12.319.

One of the most important uses of skins at Rome was as a covering for military tents [TABERNACULUM], whence sub pellibus, under canvas (Caes. B. G. 3.29, &c.). The pelliones (Plaut. Men. 2.3, 54, 400), pelliarii (Varro, L. L. 8.55), and pellionarii were important enough to form guilds, for a collegium pellionariorium is mentioned in an inscription (Reines. 1.283; Donat. p. 235, 2). These craftsmen probably, even in early times, prepared furs as well as goat-skins and sheep-skins.

The custom of using furs, both as rugs (stragula pellicia, Dig. 34, 2, 25) and as articles of dress (pelles indutoriae), though furriers' shops are spoken of by Varro (L. L. 8.55), did not become customary until the time of the Empire, when contact with fur-wearing peoples, such as the Germans (cf. rheno, a German coat of reindeer skin afterwards adopted at Rome: Caes. B. G. 6.21) brought them in. They speedily were recognised as ordinary articles of dress ( vestis etenim ex pellibus constabit, Dig. 34, 2; 23.3), and the growing demand for them supported a lively trade at the factories in Southern Russia (e. g. Tanais on the Don, Strab. 2. p. 493), as well as in Cappadocia (Tot. Orbis Descr. § 40). The importance of furs as an article of commerce is shown by the Edict of Diocletian, in which skins of oxen, goats, sheep, lambs, deer, wild sheep, stags, martens, beavers, bear, wolves, foxes, leopards, hyaenas, lions, and seals are enumerated, as well as Morocco leather of different kinds. Tanning, or at any rate the careful dressing of skins, was known as early as the Homeric age, when we find various kinds of leather in use for harness, armour, and clothing. Even in the case of skins used as bed-clothes it was apparently the exception to have any not tanned, for the ἀδέψητος βοέη on which Odysseus slept (Od. 20.2, 142) was used by poor folk.

Among the common people many doubtless, like Eumaeus (Od. 14.34: cf. Hes. Op. 519), made their own shoes and garments from raw hide, dressing them roughly with oil to render them soft. However, there were even at this period professional workers in leather, such as was Tychios, ακυτοτόμων ἄριστος (Il. 7.322), who made Ajax's shield. Shoe-making and tanning seem to have been carried on by the same man even in classical times (Aristoph. Eq. 314, 869; Theophr. Char. 16). [For the process of tanning, see CORIARIUS]

Literature.--Blümner, Technologie, 1. p. 254 sq.; Hermann-Blümner, Lehrbuch, iv. pp. 175-6; Iwan Müller, Handbuch, iv. pp. 396, 806, 880, 931; Albert Müller, Bühnenalterthümer, pp. 237, 250, 252; Becker-Goll, Charikles, 3.260. f.; Marquardt, Privatleben, p. 587; Keller, Thiere des klass. Alterth. 1887.

[W.C.F.A]

Pellis

A skin. For skins as clothing, see vestis.