societas

sŏcĭĕtas, ātis, f. [socius], fellowship, association, union, community, society (implying union for a common purpose; cf.: conjunctio, consociatio; and not a mere assembly; cf.: circulus, coetus; conventus, sodalitas; freq. and class.).

• I In gen.: hominum inter ipsos societas conjunctioque, Cic. Leg. 1, 10, 28: (nos) natos esse ad societatem communitatemque generis humani, id. Fin. 4, 2, 4: societas generis humani, quam conciliavit ipsa natura, id. Lael. 5, 20: fides et societas generis humani, id. N. D. 1, 2, 4: societas et communicatio utilitatum, id. Fin. 5, 23, 65: nulla societas nobis cum tyrannis, sed potius summa distractio est, id. Off. 3, 6, 32: societatem cum aliquo coire ... dirimere, id. Phil. 2, 10, 24: societatem coire de municipis cognitique fortunis cum alienissimo, id. Rosc. Am. 31, 87: quasi societatem coit conparandi cibi, id. N. D. 2, 48, 123: societatem confirmare, id. Phil. 2, 35, 89: nefarias pactiones societatesque conflare, id. Har. Resp. 20, 42: consiliorum omnium societas, id. Brut. 1, 2; Hirt. B. G. 8, 3: juris, Cic. Rep. 1, 32, 49: humanitatis, id. ib. 2, 26, 48: beate et honeste vivendi, id. ib. 4, 3, 3: gravitatis cum humanitate, id. Leg. 3, 1, 1: belli, Sall. C. 40, 1: omnium facinorum sibi cum Dolabellā societatem initam confiteri, Cic. Phil. 13, 17, 36: nominum, names in common, Plin. 17, 24, 37, § 218 et saep.; cf.: nulla sancta societas nec fides regni est, Enn. ap. Cic. Off. 1, 8, 26, and id. Rep. 1, 32 (Trag. v. 411 Vahl.): neque naturae est societas ulla cum somniis, Cic. Div. 2, 71, 147.—
• II In partic.
• • A A copartnership, association for trading purposes.
  • • 1 In abstr.: qui societatem cum Sex. Naevio fecerit, etc.... fecit societatem earum rerum, quae in Galliā comparabantur, Cic. Quint. 3, 11: qui magnā fide societatem gererent, etc., id. ib. 3, 13: cum annos jam compluris societas esset, id. ib. 4, 14: quae (pecunia) tibi ex societate debeatur, id. Rosc. Com. 6, 16: societatem contrahere, Dig. 17, 2, 5; 17, 2, 74: coire, ib. 17, 2, 1 sq.; 17, 2, 5.—Plur.: societates contrahuntur sive universorum bonorum, sive negotiationis alicujus, sive vectigalis, sive etiam rei unius, Dig. 17, 2, 5.—
    • 2 In concr., a company or society of the farmers of the public revenue: nulla Romae societas vectigalium, nullum collegium aut concilium, etc., Cic. Sest. 14, 32; cf. id. Fam. 13, 9, 2: si omnes societates venerunt, quarum ex numero multi sedent judices, id. Mur. 33, 69: provinciarum, Caes. B. C. 3, 3 fin.: maximarum societatum auctor, Cic. Planc. 13, 32; Plin. 33, 7, 40, § 118. —
  • B A political league, an alliance, confederacy: cum Ptolemaeo societas erat facta, Caes. B. C. 3, 107 fin.: Ambiorigem sibi societate et foedere adjungunt, id. B. G. 6, 2: Leptitani Romam miserant amicitiam societatemque rogatum, Sall. J. 77, 2; so with amicitia, id. ib. 83, 1: impellere ad societatem belli, id. C. 40, 1: cum Lacedaemonii in societate non manerent, Nep. Con. 2, 2: Ioniam a societate averterunt Atheniensium, id. Alcib. 4, 7: societatem alicujus induere, Tac. A. 12, 13.

societās, ātis, f. (socius), I) jede Gesellschaft, Verbindung mit anderen im Guten und Bösen, die Teilnahme, Gemeinschaft, das Bündnis, Komplott, die Verbindung unter den Völkern einer Sprache, Nationalverbindung, die Verbindung durch Ehe und Blutsverwandtschaft, hominum inter ipsos, Cic.: latronum societās, Räuberbande, Augustin.: vitae, geselliges Leben, Cic.: regni, Liv.: nominum, Plin.: sceleris, Cic.: gravissimi facti, Verb. zu einer so höchst ruhmvollen Tat, Cic.: societatem coire, statuere, inire, conflare, Cic.: societatem conciliare, Cic.: societatem confirmare, Cic.: ad societatem periculorum accedere, Cic.: venire in societatem laudum alcis, teilnehmen an usw., Cic.: nulla societas nobis cum tyrannis, et potius summa distractio est, Cic.: neque naturae societas ulla cum somniis est, Cic.: societatem labefactare, dirimere, Cic.: a societate se seiungere, Cic.: alqm ad gaudii societatem vocare, teilnehmen lassen an der Fr., Fronto. – II) insbes.: 1) die Handelsgesellschaft, a) übh.; societatem facere, Cic.: societatem gerere, führen, besorgen, Cic.: iudicium societatis, gerichtliche Untersuchung wegen Untreue jmds. gegen seinen Handelskompagnon, Cic. – b) die Gesellschhaft der General- oder Staatspächter (publicani), die in Gemeinschaft vom Staate pachteten, Bithynica, Cic.: magister societatis, Cic. – 2) das förm liche Bündnis zwischen zwei Staaten od. Fürsten, societatem cum alqo coniungere, Sall.: societatem habere cum alqo, Nep.: societatem belli facere, Liv.

societas [CL] 1 the fact or condition of being associated, partnership, fellowship; b (w. gen. expr. shared interest); c (in matrimony); d (in crime); e (in business). f membership (in quot. of guild). cum nuper te Rothomagi invenissem, atque ad verba mutue ~atis et amicitie descendissem, nec unum a te verbulum mansuetudinis aut dilectionis extorsi P. Blois Ep. 21. 75D; ampliatis ‥ mercibus ‥ jam ~atis vinculum et communitatis unio displicent, separata placet proprietas, dividunt omnia Map NC IV 16 f. 57v; mansit sanctus Kiaranus per aliquot dies apud sanctum Seranum in divinis misteriis vacantes et ~atem et fraternitatem inter se fecerunt (Ciaranus de Cluain 22) VSH I 209; solis enim ad tenebras non potest esse ~as, nec infidelium ad Christicolas (Endeus 15) Ib. II 67.  b legebam ‥ oleastri ramum bonae olivae insertum fuisse, sed a ~ate radicis pinguedinis ejusdem, si ‥ alta saperet, excidendum [cf. Rom. xi 17] Gildas EB 1; ab illo est vir praefatus consecratus antistes, adsumtis in ~atem ordinationis duobus de Brettonum gente episcopis Bede HE III 28; 938 tribus ‥ causis a quibus nullus nostrorum poterit expers fore, id est generalis expeditionis necessaria ~ate, ac pontium urbiumque ‥ assolidatione CS 729; 1157 consulo ut in itinere isto vel unius anni contrahatis ~atem bonorum, cum ‥ victualia Lond' cara sunt J. Sal. Ep. 31 (42); †714 (13c) Romam amica itineris ~ate profecti ad limina sanctorum Apostolorum conscendimus CS 131.  c cum ‥ illam in ~atem thori recepisset Constantius, generavit ex ea filium G. Mon. V 6.  d qui in collegio vel ~ate fuerit, ubi aliquis occidatur, acquietet se, quod eum non percussit (Leg. Hen. 87. 8) GAS 602; 1228 ad appella sua prosequenda versus eos quos appellant de latrocinio et de ~ate. ‥ inquirat ubi A. et W., quos P. le A., probator, appellat de ~ate latronum, inveniri possint Cl 26; 1229 si aliquis devenerit probator in curia prioris, et appellaverit alios de ~ate, statim liberabitur ballivis episcopi Feod. Durh. 215; 1255 A. filius G. piscatoris ‥ captus fuit in parco ‥ cum arcu et sagittis, qui indictavit R. filium R. filii Q. de ~ate et ipsum R. de receptamento SelPlForest 30; 1291 appellat S. de K. de ~ate abscisionis bursarum SelCCoron 131; s1230 utrum idem J. culpabilis esset de ~ate et latrocinio Chr. Peterb. 12.  e 1198 Nigellus de Havena ‥ l m. pro ~ate marcandisarum quam habuit cum Gervasio de Hanton' Pipe 22; 1293 de H. L. quia habet ~atem cum quibusdam mercandizis cum quodam serviente suo et illa bona advocat tanquam sua propria Leet Norw. 44.  f 1262 optulit se et petit ~atem gilde Gild Merch. II 4; 1327 H. de U. venit et petit ~atem gildanorum Ib. II 320. 2 group of associated persons, party, company. b trading company, partnership, association. c (acad.) college. d (mil.) company, troop, band; e (spec. of mercenaries); f (w. ref. to the Order of the Garter). s755 his omnibus recalcitrant ~as regis Æthelw. II 18; collegium, ~as, contubernium, consortium Osb. Glouc. Deriv. 154; 1253 T., regis Navarre primogenitus ‥ habet litteras ‥ de conductu sibi et ~ati et familie sue, ad eundum ‥ per ‥ potestatem regis RGasc I 263a; s1381 ~as sanguinaria intravit Jonemuth in crastino sancti Botulphi W. Worc. Itin. 182.  b 1248 electi ‥ duo piscatores ‥ ex una ~ate et duo alii ex alia ~ate ad piscem aliorum ‥ juste appretiandum Ext. Guern. 27; 1258 W. M. debet ‥ mccc marcas xliij s. quad. et alii socii sui debent ccccl marcas ‥. et sic debet in universo illa ~as m vijc liij marcas, iij s. quad. Cl 466; 1277 assignaverunt ‥ Bartholomoeo M. et Frederico D., mercatoribus de ~ate filiorum Bonsignoris de Senis, nomine suo et dicte ~atis mille quadringentas undecim marcas (Comp. Collect. Apostol.) EHR XXXII 74; 1279 quedam pars penes diversos mercatores ~atum Lombardie et Tuscie custoditum Ib. XXXII 85; 1330 quod nullus vendat res suas in villa predicta alicui nisi illi qui fuerit de ~ate predicta Gild Merch. II 52; 1412 misit ‥ officiarios ‥ ad rescuendum ‥ mercatores Anglicos contra illos de ~ate de Hansa Foed. VIII 723; 1597 prout ‥ adventurariae ~atis mercatoribus usui atque utilitati fore existimabunt Ib. XVI 326.  c 1548 praeposituras, magisteria, praesidentias, gardianias ~atum Foed. XV 179.  d quo proelio peracto, de ultramarinis partibus alius paganorum exercitus ~ati se adjunxit Asser Alf. 40; intulit cladem Britonibus quia relicta republica ~ati Carausii adherebant G. Mon. V 4; mandamus ut singuli capitanei cum suis ~atibus ad personam nostram ‥ statim accedant Upton 138.  e s1361 eodem tempore crevit quedam ~as virorum fortium vocata ‘~as fortune’, et per quosdam vocata est la grant companye ‥ isti erant viri fortes et bellicosi ‥ et vivebant de suo perquisito per guerram Knighton II 114; s1362 magna ~as, que ‥ prevaluerunt in Francia J. Reading f. 179; s1367 consurrexit in Francia illa famosa ~as que ‘gens sine capite’ vocabatur, que ‥ magnam Francie partem occupans sine legibus ‥ subjugavit Wals. HA I 284.  f 1378 pro xxvj rollis de panno scarlett' pro domino rege, duce Lancestr' et aliis de ~ate garteriorum contra festum Sancti Georgii anno primo KR Ac 460/4 m. 12. 3 the state or condition of living in company with other people, or a body of people living together and having shared customs, community, society; b (mon.); c (eccl., ~as ecclesiae, Christiana, or sim.). d social interaction, society, company. in extremis monasterii locis ‥ ubi nuper venientes ad conversationem feminae solebant probari, donec regulariter institutae in ~atem congregationis susciperentur Bede HE IV 23 p. 258; stuprum, ~as turpis cum feminis GlC S 503; vincula necessitudinum humanarum seu parentum ad liberos seu liberorum ad parentes ‥ seu quecumque alia federa multiformis ~atis humane J. Ford Serm. 14. 5; inducitur ‥ presumptio ‥ ratione necessitudinis personarum et ex modo agendi, ex ~ate vel ex solitudine Ric. Angl. Summa 33 p. 62; duas res dedit natura que faciunt eum [hominem] validum, sc. racionem et ~atem J. Waleys Commun. I 1 f. 6v; cum naturale sit hominis quod sit animal sociale et politicum in multitudine vivens ‥ humane ~atis multitudo, si nullo ejus gerente curam regeretur ‥ perriret Fortescue NLN I 18.  b monachus petiturus concedi sibi ~atem et beneficium monasterii, introductus in capitulum Benedicite dicat ‥ postea jussus ut surgat, accedat ad abbatem, et ab eo per librum regulae sumat monasterii ~atem Lanfr. Const. 176; O. de B. accepit ~atem monachorum Text. Roff. f. 183; [Henricus rex Anglorum] in claustro monachorum diu sedit ‥ sequenti ‥ die in capitulum venit, ~atem eorum humiliter requisivit et recepit Ord. Vit. XI 43 p. 301; quod si episcopus vel abbas canonicorum regularium, seu monachorum, vel etiam rex aliquando intraverit capitulum ‥ quod si ~atem quesierit, assurgentibus omnibus dicatur psalmus ‥ et sic concedatur ei fraternitas Inst. Sempr. xlviii*.  c extraneus ab ecclesiae ~ate [gl.: i. collegio, i. sodalitate] inter biothanatos reputabitur Aldh. VirgP 31; c688 sciat se ‥ separatum ab omni ~ate Christiana CS 81; sollemnia Christi sine ecclesiae Christi ~ate venerantur Bede HE II 9; 798 haec est fides nostra ‥ omnium quae in hoc mundo sunt catholicarum aecclesiarum ~ate fundata CS 292; 825 sciat se ‥ ab omni synodali ~ate separatum CS 387.  d ne paganorum possent ~ate pollui Bede HE II 9; quam grave malum sit perdere gloriam aeternam et ~atem angelorum et pati tormentum aeternum in ~ate diabolorum Anselm (Ep. 297) IV 217; humanam magis quam bestialem ~atem eis ‥ nocte tota lupus exhibuit Gir. TH II 19; alius ei de sponso suo deliciarum gustus in osculis ‥ alia in alloquiorum et colloquiorum ~ate laetitia ‥ est J. Ford Serm. 33. 3; beatus Johannes ~atem [ME: feolaȝeschipe] fugit hominum fedatorum AncrR 52; tu ‥ qui ~atem amas, habebis terras meas in Wallia Latin Stories 36; si a reumate vos curare et preservare duxeritis, vitare debetis ‥ exercicium nimium potissime post ~atem Kymer 3. 4 close relationship (between things), connection. si qua ‥ pars ab una conjunctione solvitur, non perit sed ad aliam ~atem transit Adel. QN 4; vetus illa ~as mortis et injustitie dissipata est, morsque ad beatitudinem et justitiam ligata est in Christo Jesu J. Ford Serm. app. 11.

sŏcĭĕtās, (7) ātis, f. (socius), ¶ 1 association, réunion, communauté, société : hominum inter ipsos Cic. Leg. 1, 28, la société humaine ; societas generis humani Cic. Læl. 20, la société du genre humain ; societatem cum aliquo coire... dirimere Cic. Phil. 2, 24, nouer une association avec qqn, la rompre ; nulla societas nobis cum tyrannis est Cic. Off. 3, 32, il nʼy a pas de société entre nous et les tyrans ; societas vitæ Cic. Amer. 111, la vie sociale ; vir conjunctissimus mecum consiliorum omnium societate Cic. Br. 2, homme quʼune complète communauté dʼidées liait à moi étroitement ; facti, consilii societas Cic. Phil. 2, 26 ; 2, 32, participation à un acte, à une entreprise, cf. Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 136 ; omnium facinorum sibi cum Dolabella societatem initam confiteri Cic. Phil. 13, 36, avouer quʼune association pour tous les crimes le lie à Dolabella ¶ 2 association commerciale, industrielle ; société, compagnie : fecit societatem earum rerum quæ in Gallia comparabantur Cic. Quinct. 12, il forma une association relative aux produits que lʼon se procurait en Gaule ; magna fide societatem gerere Cic. Quinct. 13, gérer une association très honnêtement || société fermière, compagnie des fermiers publics : Cic. Br. 85 ; Sest. 32 ; Mur. 69 ; Planc. 32 ¶ 3 union politique, alliance : cum Ptolomæo societas erat facta Cæs. C. 3, 107, 2, une alliance avait été contractée avec Ptolémée, cf. Cæs. G. 6, 2, 2 ; Sall. J. 77, 2 ; Nep. Con. 2, 2 ; Alc. 4, 7.

societas , atis. f.
夥針。結盟。會。Coire societatem cum eo 同人交友。

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societās ātis, f

• socius, fellowship, association, union, community, society: hominum inter ipsos: generis humani: nulla cum tyrannis: consiliorum omnium: quorum (criminum) tibi societas Cum Verre eius modi est.—A copartnership, association in business: societatem cum Naevio facere: magnā fide societatem gerere: quae (pecunia) tibi ex societate debeatur.—A company of publicans, revenue farmers' association: societas: provinciarum, Cs.—A political league, alliance, confederacy: cum Ptolemaeo societas erat facta, Cs.: Romam miserant societatem rogatum, S.: in societate manere, N.

SOCIETAS

SOCI´ETASpartnership,is the name of a contract which arises when two or more persons agree together to conduct for their joint account any lawful business, or to share the profits and loss of any single piece of business, or even of all their havings and doings. According to agreement, the partners may contribute differently either in property or services, and may have different shares in the result. In default of agreement, the shares will be equal. As a rule the share of profits determines also the share of loss, and vice versâ; but this also is subject to agreement, only all partners must have some share in the profits. Otherwise, it would be as Cassius used to call it, with an allusion to the fable (cf. Phaedr. 1.5), a lionlike partnership (societas leonina), and invalid. Mucius (i. e. Q. Mucius Scaevola) held that the shares of loss must be the same as the shares of profit, but Servius (i. e. Serv. Sulpicius Rufus) held that this was not necessary, and his opinion prevailed (Dig. 17, 2, 11. 29, 30).

Partnership rests on consent, and may either be formed by particular words or inferred from facts ( et re et verbis et per nuntium coiri, Dig. ib. 4). It ceases on the death of a partner or on his bankruptcy, or on the extinction of the thing or conclusion of the business which is the object of the partnership, or on the occurrence of the time or condition agreed to, or by notice given by any partner to the others. Civil death (capitis deminutio) in this as in other matters was originally equivalent to natural death; but the later law confined such effect to the loss of liberty or citizenship, while it preserved the theory by holding that in the case of a mere change of status (min. cap. dem.) a new partnership arose by the consent of the partners as often as the existing one was dissolved. Notice of retirement is good only if the other partners are not unfairly put to a disadvantage; otherwise the retiring partner has to compensate them, and loses his share in the profits (Gaius, 3.151-154; Dig. ib. 63, 10-65, 14 sq.).

A partner must account for all profits made by him in partnership matters, and manage the business as carefully as he does his own. He is liable for losses occasioned by his negligence, and cannot set off against them any profits produced by his exertions (Dig. ib. 25, 26). He can recover from his partners any expenses in the conduct of the business which he has properly incurred (Dig. ib. 52, 10-15; 60, 61; 67, 2; 72-74). The rights and responsibilities of partners were enforced by a special action, actio pro socio; i.e. a suit brought in the character of a partner. It could be brought not only by a partner against his fellows, but by or against a partner's heir, without the heir being himself a partner or being made so by this action (Dig. ib. 35-38; 63, 8; 65, 9). It was an action bonae fidei, i.e. it took account of equitable considerations on both sides. Hence the judge was called arbiter (Cic. pro Rose. Com. 8, 24, 25; Dig. ib. 38). Condemnation in such a suit made a man infamous (Gaius, 4.182; Dig. 3, 2, 1), but, as in other cases of close relationship, was not to be executed with such stringency as to deprive the defendant of the necessary means of subsistence ( in id quod facere potest condemnari oportet, Dig. 17, 2, 63pr., 3). Other rights of action were not excluded, but their effect was limited to satisfaction in excess of what had been already won by this. It differed from the actio communi dividundo by being confined to partners in the strict sense of the term, i. e. persons to whom a community of goods has come by their own choice and purpose, and not merely by accident or legal devolution, and by its scope embracing not merely corporeal things, but debts and all kinds of mutual claims and equities (Dig. ib. 43; 10, 3, 1-3).

Partnership did not make its members into one legal body: its effects were confined to the members themselves; outsiders were in no way concerned. As a rule a partner bound himself only to third parties; and he could alienate only his own share of the partnership property (68, pr.). But some tendencies towards a different rule are found. From ad Heren. 2.13, 19, it would appear that solidarity among the partners of a bank was sometimes customary ( id quod argentario tuleris expensum ab socio eius recte petere possis), and the convenience of the public is given as the cause of a similar joint liability in the case of companies of slavedealers (Dig. 21, 1, 44, 1) and of shipmasters (Dig. 14, 1, 1, 25, 1-4). And when partners appoint a captain of a ship or a manager of a shop, his action makes each and all liable to a suit at the hands of third parties. Of course a person thus singled out would have claims to be reimbursed proportionally by his partner.

As examples of partnerships may be mentioned: between neighbours to buy a field for profit (Dig. ib. 52, pr., 31); between an owner of cattle or of land and a farmer to pasture the cattle or till the land (2); trading in cloaks (sagaria negotiatio, 4); letting chambers (10); building a common wall (13); contributing horses to make up a team for sale (58, pr.); teaching grammar (71, pr.), &c. One of the Transylvanian wax tablets (A.D. 167) is a record of an agreement for partnership in a banking business (danistaria) concluded by stipulation (C. I. L. 3. p. 950; also in Bruns, Fontes). Two of Cicero's early speeches deal more or less with partnerships. That pro Roscio Comoedo relates to a slave belonging to Fannius, whom Roscius agreed to train as an actor, the slave thus trained to be employed for their common profit. The speech pro Quinctio relates to a partnership in a grazing farm.

Two special forms of partnership require distinct mention.

1. Societas universorum bonorum is often spoken of, and may very probably have originated in the position of brothers who were coheirs (cf. Dig. ib. 52, 8; 10, 2, 39, 3; 31, 89, 1), a relationship to which the name of consortium seems to have been specially applied (Dig. 27. 1, 31, 4; cf. Gell. 1.9.12). In this case all the corporeal property of each partner becomes at once without specific delivery common to both, and their future acquisitions by trade, inheritance, gift, damages for bodily hurt, &c. fell into the common stock (Dig. ib. 1-3).

2. Societates publicanorum. The companies who farmed the public taxes stood from their magnitude in a different position from ordinary partnerships; but little is known of their legal character. An heir, however, became a partner if accepted by the others, and, if not accepted, still shared in the profits and loss (Dig. ib. 59; 63, 8). Such interested persons may be meant by the term adfines (Liv. 43.116, 2; Kuntze, Curs. § 697). The shares (partes) in these companies were sold and rose and fell in price (Cic. pro Rab Post. 2, 4; in Vat. 12, 29). Some account of their proceedings is given in Cic. Ver. 2.7. 0-77, § § 170-190.

[H.J.R]