virtus

emortuus est per virtutem
he is dead through bravery virtute iustitiae ornatus est
he was equipped with the virtue of justice

virtūs, ūtis, f.: manhood; valor, courage, 2.367, et al.; prowess, 1.566; moral worth, virtue, 5.344; greatness, glory, 6.806; heroism, 4.3; heroic effort, struggle, 12.913. (vir)

virtūs, ūtis (gen. plur. virtutium, App. Mag. 73; Paul. Nol. Carm. 10, 34; dat. and abl. VIRTVTEI, Inscr. Corp. Lat. 1, 30 and 34), f. [vir], manliness, manhood, i. e. the sum of all the corporeal or mental excellences of man, strength, vigor; bravery, courage; aptness, capacity; worth, excellence, virtue, etc.: virtus clara aeternaque habetur, Sall. C. 1, 4: ni virtus fidesque vostra spectata mihi forent, id. ib. 20, 2; id. J. 74, 1.

• I In gen.
• • A Lit.: ita fiet, ut animi virtus corporis virtuti anteponatur, Cic. Fin. 5, 13, 38: his virtutibus ornatus, modestiā, temperantiā, justitiā, id. Off. 1, 15, 46; cf.: virtutes continentiae, gravitatis, justitiae, fidei, id. Mur. 10, 23: virtus atque integritas, id. Font. 13, 29: oratoris vis divina virtusque, id. de Or. 2, 27, 120.—
  • B Transf., of animals, and of inanimate or abstract things, goodness, worth, value, power, strength, etc.: nam nec arboris, nec equi virtus (in quo abutimur nomine) in opinione sita est, sed in naturā, Cic. Leg. 1, 16, 45: praedium-solo bono, suā virtute valeat, Cato R. R. 1, 2: merci pretium statui, pro virtute ut veneat, Plaut. Mil. 3, 1, 131 (726): navium, Liv. 37, 24, 1: ferri, Just. 11, 13, 11: herbarum, Ov. M. 14, 357: oratoriae virtutes, Cic. Brut. 17, 65: oratio habet virtutes tres, Quint. 1, 5, 1: dicendi (opp. vitium), id. 8, praef. § 17: facundiae, id. 12, 3, 9.—
• II In partic.
• • A In the phrase deūm virtute, usu. with dicam, by the aid or merit of the gods, i. e. the gods be thanked (anteclass), Plaut. Trin. 2, 2, 65 (340): virtute deūm et majorum nostrūm, id. Aul. 2, 1, 44 (163); id. Capt. 2, 2, 71 (321) dub.; cf. id. Mil. 3, 1, 85 (680) and 90; so virtute eorum (i. e. majorum), id. Trin. 3, 2, 17 (643).—
  • B Moral perfection, virtuousness, virtue.
  • • 1 Lit.: est autem virtus nihil aliud quam in se perfecta et ad summum perducta natura, Cic. Leg. 1, 8, 25: virtus est animi habitus naturae modo rationi consentaneus, id. Inv. 2, 53, 159: cum omnes rectae animi affectiones virtutes appellentur ... Appellata est ex viro virtus, etc., id. Tusc. 2, 18, 43; id. Inv. 2, 53, 159: nec vero habere virtutem satis est quasi artem aliquam, nisi utare ... virtus in usu sui tota posita est, id. Rep. 1, 2, 2: est in eo virtus et probitas et summum officium summaque observantia, id. Fam. 13, 28, a, 2.—
    • 2 Transf., Virtue, personified as a deity, Cic. N. D. 2, 23, 61; 2, 31, 79; id. Leg. 2, 8, 19; 2, 11, 28; id. Phil. 14, 13, 34; Plaut. Am. prol. 42; Liv. 27, 25, 7; 29, 11, 13; Juv. 1, 115 al.—
  • C Military talents, courage, valor, bravery, gallantry, fortitude (syn. fortitudo), etc.: Helvetii reliquos Gallos virtute praecedunt, quod fere cottidianis proeliis cum Germanis contendunt, Caes. B. G. 1, 1; cf. id. ib. 1, 2; 1, 13: militum, Sall. J. 52, 6; 62, 1: Claudi virtute Neronis Armenius cecidit, Hor. Ep. 1, 12, 26: Scipiadae, id. S. 2, 1, 72; cf. id. Epod. 9, 26; 16, 5; id. C. 2, 7, 11.—
  • D Obstinacy: iniqua, Stat. Th. 11, 1.

virtūs, ūtis, f. (vir), ganz wie ἀρετή, eig. die Mannheit, d.i. alles, was den Mann in körperlicher u. geistiger Hinsicht ziert u. adelt, u. zwar: I) appellat.: A) im allg.: 1) eig., die Tüchtigkeit, Tauglichkeit, Vorzüglichkeit, Tugend, die tüchtigen Eigenschaften, Vorzüge, Verdienste, die den Mann zieren, corporis, animi, Cic.: virtutibus lenioribus erat ornatus, modestiā, temperantiā, iustitiā, Cic.: vis illa divina virtusque, Cic.: ob virtutes certissimum exitium, Tac.: edepol virtutis (= virtutes) qui tuas nunc possit collaudare, Plaut.: dah. virtute alcis, durch jmds. Hilfe, Vermittelung, Plaut. – 2) übtr., v. Tieren, ebenso v. Sachen, die Güte, Tüchtigkeit, tüchtige Eigenschaft, der Wert, die Kraft, der Nachdruck, equi, Cic.: mercis, Plaut.: navium, Liv.: ferri, Iustin.: herbarum, Ov.: oratoriae virtutes, Cic.: virtus u. virtutes animi et ingenii, Lact. 5, 17, 4 u. de ira 7, 4: memoriae duplex virtus, facile percipere et fideliter continere, Eigenschaft, Cic.: cum quadam virtute, Quint.: virtute formae evenit, du hast es deiner Schönheit zu danken, daß usw., Plaut. – B) insbes.: 1) die männliche Vollkommenheit, die Tugend, Tugendhaftigkeit, der tugendhafte Wandel, die Moral, tantā virtute, so tugendhaft, Cic.: honesta in virtute ponuntur, Cic.; vgl. Cic. Tusc. 2, 43; de inv. 2, 159. – dah. auch die Ansicht, die die Menschen von der Tugend haben, die Moral, Hor. sat. 1, 3, 42. – 2) die kriegerische Tüchtigkeit, der kriegerische Mut, die Tapferkeit, Cic., Caes. u. Liv.: auch mit näheren Bestimmungen, rei militaris, Cic.: bellandi, Cic.: militaris, Cic.: virtutis est (es ist ein Zeichen von Mut) m. Infin., non mutare mentem, Heges. 5, 53 in. – Plur. virtutes, tapfere-, ausgezeichnete Taten, Heldentaten, Nep. Hann. 12, 5. Tac. Germ. 18. – 3) in schwierigen Lebensverhältnissen, in Gefahren, der Mut, die Herzhaftigkeit, Standhaftigkeit, nisi virtute et animo restitissem, mit Mut u. Kraft, Cic.: im üblen Sinne, iniqua, Stat. Theb. 11, 1. – 4) eine übermenschliche Kraft, ein Wunder, virtutem edere, Sulp. Sev. chron. 1, 43, 7. – II) personif., die Göttin Virtus, Cic. de nat. deor. 2, 61 u. 79. Liv. 27, 25, 7 u. 29, 11, 13. – ➳ Archaist. Dat. Sing. virtutei, Corp. inscr. Lat. 1, 30 u. 34; Abl. virtutei Corp. inscr. Lat. 1, 34. – Genet. Plur. auch virtutium, Apul. apol. 73. Paul. Nol. carm. 10, 34. Iul. Val. 2, 21 Mai (Kübler p. 82, 22 virtutum). Itin. Alex. 48, (111).

virtus [CL] 1 valour, bravery, courage. in eviratum transfertur, hoc est virili actione mente et ~ute privatum Bede Sam. 695C; adeo ~utes provintialium in preliis occaluerant ut, si audirent inimicos adventantes ‥ in certamen ruerent W. Malm. GR II 125; aliter ‥ ~utem experiatur, nec pugnet violentia elementorum sed ~ute militum Ib. IV 310. 2 vigour, vital strength. [puella infirma crismate uncta] ab illa hora cito ~ute proficiens ‥ sanitati pristinae reddita est V. Cuthb. IV 4; dum virtute fero silvarum robora mille Aldh. Aen. 29 (Aqua) 2; operacio ~utis naturalis cum medicina utili ‥ pene destruitur ‥ nam ~us est que curat infirmitates; medicus ‥ minister est ~utis J. Mirfield Flor. 124. 3 applied physical strength, force. b military force. callida ‥ arte potius quam ~ute finitimos quosque pagos vel provincias ‥ facinoroso regno adnectens [Maximus] Gildas EB 13; concussis duabus ~ute brachiorum columnis Ib. 71; sanctus ‥ pedem vulnerati cruris arripuit et cum ~ute ad se traxit Mem. Anselm 235; novit qua virtute vincula rumpat [Samson] (Ailr. Serm.) CC cont. med. IIB 157.  b ni episcopus Eliensis, castello demum reddito, regiam ~utem intus susciperet G. Steph. 35; donec congregasset ~utem sufficientem ad excipiendum R. et comitivam suam Chr. Ed. I & II II 272. 4 power to produce some effect, potency; b (med., w. ref. to bodily functions); c (phil. & theol., cf. δύναμις). d (transf.) power, authority. et bina alarum fulci gestamine cernor / quis sed abest penitus virtus jam tota volandi Tatwine Aen. 10 (Recitabulum) 5; frons ‥ sedes est verecundie et honor et hoc quidem est propter vicinitatem imaginative ~utis Bart. Angl. V 10; vino ‥ optimo species perfundetur ‥ donec ~us specierum vino incorporetur Ib. XIX 56; solvitur ‥ species vini per corruptionem et transmutantur in totam aquam, nulla ~ute vini remanente T. Sutton Gen. & Corrupt. 108; melanteria ‥ projectoriam et strictoriam habet ~utem Alph. 114; iste allegaciones ‥ videntur fortes, quarum ~utes magis advertam si recitaveris quomodo respondetur ad illas Ockham Dial. 522; decoquuntur alique herbe ‥ in aqua ita quod ~us herbe aque mandetur et sic ~us medecine per os recipiatur SB 11.  b sunt secundum Galienum quatuor principalia membra: cerebrum, cor, epar et testiculi que ‥ deserviunt principalibus ~utibus, animali, naturali, spirituali et generative Ric. Med. Anat. 212; in corpore hominis sunt quatuor ~utes naturales, viz. attractiva, retentiva, digestiva, et expulsiva N. Lynn Kal. 209; ~us regitiva Quaest. Salern. B 303; ydropsis est defectus ~utis digestive in epate SB 24.  c omnis vero vis sive ~us sive potentia alicujus operationis proprie est effectiva Alf. Angl. Cor 2. 2; est ‥ ~us principium motus unius in aliud Ib. 16. 10; due ‥ sunt [anime rationalis] vires, sc. ~us agendi et ~us sciendi J. Blund An. 335; ~us activa est ‥ limitata T. Sutton Gen. & Corrupt. 94; non minoris efficacie est potencia Dei absoluta super quamcumque creaturam quam ~us activa creata respectu sui effectus Ockham Quodl. 597.  d elementis mundi aereisque potestatibus in ~ute omnipotentis imperantes Ord. Vit. VI 1 p. 2; 1188 ad experiendam belli fortunam ‥ in ~ute mirifice crucis et in nomine veri Joseph (Lit. Imperatoris) Diceto YH 57; si in girum inopinatis casibus divertatur [rota fortune] descidet corona capitis vestri et fatiscens deficiet ~us vestra Dictamen 357. 5 (pl., also w. celestes or sim.) powers of heaven (esp. w. ref. to spec. rank, class, or order of angels). thronos, †viventes [l. virtutes], archangelos (Laidcenn Mac Baíth Lorica) Cerne 85 (cf. Nunnam. 91); per ‥ principatus et potestates sanctasque ~utes et dominationes (Jud. Dei) GAS 414; ex auctoritate Dei ‥ atque omnium celestium ~utum, angelorum archangelorum etc. Ib. 439; quomodo ‥ visa sit inter choros supernarum ~utum descendere in Augustinianum templum Gosc. Lib. Mild. cap. p. 69; in secunda [hierarchia] primo dominationes, secundo ~utes, tertio potestates Mon. Francisc. I 416; omnium angelorum ‥ et omnium patriarcharum ‥ et omnium celestium ~utum Conc. Scot. II 5; septimus ordo [angelorum] appellatur ~utes, qui prevalent in miraculis faciendis J. Foxton Cosm. 89. 3. 6 effect, result. b significance, meaning, import, purport. cum ‥ postea intellexerat quod fuerat finis in curia et cujusmodi ~utis, fecit quemdam ‥ finem calumpniare State Tri. Ed. I 24.  b facto sacramento tunc legat prenotarius ~utem brevis ad instructionem juratorum Fleta 230; 1285 verbum illud ‘placitet’ per justicias ‥ ex ~ute illius verbi et voluntate concedentis active interpretetur et passive BBC 154; hi qui ~utum nominum sunt ignari sepe paralogizantur ‥ atque magna pars errorum circa orationes et argumenta oritur ex malo intellectu terminorum Bacon CSTheol. 37. 7 manifested divine power, miracle. in quo loco ‥ curatio infirmorum et frequentium operatio virtutum celebrari non desinit Bede HE I 7 p. 21; alii ‥ de ~utibus et miraculis ‥ Guthlaci mirari coeperunt, alii ‥ ~utes ‥ per illum factas ab ullo alio ante inauditas disputabant Felix Guthl. 46; apparuit ‥ de magnitudine ~utum que secute sunt ad ejus sepulchrum V. Thom. B 53; ita cepit in Dei timore perfectus esse ut etiam ~utes per eum faceret Dominus Gir. GE I 24 p. 67; in cujus loco orationis innumere ~utes sanitatum ‥ noscuntur esse patrate Ciren. I 144. 8 special or peculiar property, characteristic. spuma argenti. est ‥ ei ~us rufa ac splendens Alph. 180. 9 excellence, perfection. secundum ~utem concordantiarum Garl. Mus. Mens. 13; tractus ‥ aliquam creat perfectionem. ergo ejus totaliter remotio a figura tollit ~utem Hauboys 272. 10 excellence of character, moral virtue. b (spec.) cardinal or theological virtue. quicquid in ea vitii sordidantis inter ~utes per ignorantiam vel incuriam resedisset Bede HE IV 9 p. 222; vir ~utum Ælfegus Osb. V. Dunst. 46; sanctitas magistri ex discipuli ~ute potest conici W. Malm. GP I 6; in uno eodemque homine modo ~utibus se vitia palliabant, modo ~utes vitiis succedebant Id. GR I 86; a vi ‥ activa est ~utum inchoatio sed a vi contemplativa est ejus perfectio J. Blund An. 336.  b quia ‥ interior sensus ex quatuor continetur ~utibus, prudenita, temperantia, fortitudine atque justitia Egb. Dial. 411; septem ‥ ~utes que carnem vexant sunt hee: abstinentia, moderantia ‥ Bern. Comm. Aen. 39; in omnibus ~utibus theologicis sc. fide, spe et caritate, et cardinalibus, fortitudine, justicia, prudencia, temperancia pollebat V. Edm. Rich B 620; quadras virtutes ordo notat ille quaternus Garl. Myst. Eccl. 327; forma vivendi, probitatis incentivum, theologicarum ~utum norma Eul. Hist. I 1 proem.. 11 (de necessitate ~utem facere) to make a virtue of necessity. 1244 de necessitate ~utem vos facere faciemus Cl 259; [regi] necesse erat de necessitate facere ~utem Ps.-Rish. 539. 12 (in ~ute or sim.) by virtue (of). precipientes ei in ~ute obedientie quatinus ‥ Diceto YH 327; in vi tamen et ~ute obedientie interdixit monachis ne in eo canerent G. Cold. Durh. 16 p. 23; 1299 vobis in ~ute obedientie qua nobis tenemini ‥ inhibemus ne ‥ Lit. Cant. I 27; 1300 officialis notario suo injuncxit in ~ute prestiti sacramenti quatinus sub sigillo publicum conficeret instrumentum G. Durh. 3; colore seu ~ute alicujus concessionis MGL I 170; interrogatus in ~ute juramenti sui ‥ dicit quod non Eng. Clergy 223; cum ‥ de ~ute solis nubes ‥ propter illius caliditatem ‥ debeat esse tenuis et alba J. Foxton Cosm. 9 p. 1; papa ‥ reges vicinos ut in eum insurgerent in ~ute obediencie et peccatorum suorum remissione hortabatur Meaux I 390.

virtūs, (5) ūtis, f. (vir), qualités qui font la valeur de lʼhomme moral^t et phys^t  ; ¶ 1 caractère distinctif de lʼhomme, [et en gén.] qualité distinctive, mérite essentiel, valeur caractéristique, vertu : animi virtus corporis virtuti anteponitur Cic. Fin. 5, 38, les mérites de lʼâme passent avant ceux du corps ; [fig.] arboris, equi Cic. Leg. 1, 45, le mérite, la valeur dʼun arbre, dʼun cheval ; virtutes oratoris Cic. Br. 185, les qualités dʼun orateur, ou oratoriæ virtutes Cic. Br. 65 || [dʼoù] les qualités, le mérite, la valeur de qqn, de qqch. : novorum hominum virtus et industria Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 181, le mérite et lʼactivité des hommes nouveaux ; tua divina virtus Cic. Marc. 26, ta merveilleuse valeur, tes merveilleux talents ; virtutes dicendi alicujus Cic. Br. 232, les qualités oratoires de qqn ; bellandi virtus Cic. Pomp. 36, les talents guerriers ; virtus, quæ narrationis est maxima Cic. de Or. 2, 326, qualité, qui est la principale dʼune narration ¶ 2 qualités morales, vertus : virtutes continentiæ, gravitatis, justitiæ Cic. Mur. 23, les vertus qui consistent dans la maîtrise de soi, la gravité, lʼesprit de justice, cf. Cic. Off. 1, 56, etc. ; de Or. 2, 345 ¶ 3 [en part.] a) qualités viriles, vigueur morale, énergie : virtus animi Sall. C. 53, 1, les qualités viriles de lʼâme [dans Caton] ; vestræ virtuti constantiæque confido Cic. Phil. 5, 1, jʼai confiance dans votre énergie et votre fermeté ; b) bravoure, courage, vaillance : Helvetii reliquos Gallos virtute præcedunt Cæs. G. 1, 1, 4, les Helvètes dépassent le reste des Gaulois en courage, cf. Cæs. G. 1, 13, 5, etc. ¶ 4 la vertu, perfection morale : Cic. Leg. 1, 25 ; Inv. 2, 159 ; Tusc. 2, 43, etc. ; in virtute summum bonum ponere Cic. Læl. 20, placer le souverain bien dans la vertu || la Vertu, la Valeur [déesse] : Cic. Nat. 2, 61 ; 2, 79, etc.

➳ dat. et abl. sing. arch. virtutei CIL 1, 7 ; 1, 11 || gén. pl. virtutium Apul. Apol. 73.

virtus , utis. f. (vir.)
德行。烈毅。野性。精粹人。本性之力。助。怪異事。出等。女神名。— Bacchi 酒之效。Modum egressa virtus 出等之德。Verbi virtus 一句之深義。Virtute deum 賴諸神庇佑。Spectata virtus belli domique 隊中家内皆願之徳。Virtutes orationis 文之錦繡。Praecedere virtute eum 勇過於彼。

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virtūs ūtis, f

• vir, manliness, manhood, strength, vigor, bravery, courage, excellence: virtus clara aeternaque habetur, S.: animi . . . corporis: virtutes continentiae, gravitatis, iustitiae, fidei: oratoris vis divina virtusque.—In war, courage, valor, bravery, gallantry, fortitude: Gallos virtute praecedere, Cs.: militum: Scipiadae, H.—Goodness, moral perfection, high character, virtue: est autem virtus nihil aliud nisi perfecta et ad summum perducta natura: cum omnes rectae animi adfectiones virtutes appellentur.—Person., as a goddess, Virtue: Virtutis templum, L., Iu.—Goodness, worth, merit, value, strength: nam nec arboris, nec equi virtus in opinione sita est, sed in naturā: navium, L.: Herbarum, O.