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πνεῦμα

πνεῦμα, wind, breeze, breath, spirit

πνεῦμα, ατος, τό, (πνέω)
  • blast, wind, first in Anaximen. 2, ὅλον τὸν κόσμον π. καὶ ἀὴρ περιέχει: freq. in Trag., etc., ἀνέμων πνεύματα πάντων A. Pr. 1086 (anap.), cf. 1047 (anap.); θαλάσσας . . πνεύματι λάβρῳ Id. Pers. 110 (lyr.); πνευμάτων ἐπομβρίᾳ Id. Fr. 300.3; τέως δὲ κούφοις πνεύμασιν βόσκου S. Aj. 558; πνεύμασιν θαλασσίοις ἐξωσθέντες E. Cyc. 278 (but πνοή is commoner in Poets; Hom. uses πνοιή) ; πνεύματα ἀνέμων Hdt. 7.16.αʹ; τὸ π. κατῄει Th. 2.84; κατὰ πρύμναν ἵσταται τὸ π. ib. 97; τὸ π. λεῖον καὶ καθεστηκὸς λαβεῖν Ar. Ra. 1003; τὸ π. ἔλαττον γίγνεται Id. Eq. 441; εἰ φορὸν π. εἴη X. HG 6.2.27; κατὰ πνεῦμα στῆναι τοῦ ἄρρενος to leeward of him, Arist. HA 560b14; but κατὰ π. προσιόντες down wind, ib. 535a19; πνεύματος ἀνείλησις, ἐκπύρωσις, Epicur. Ep. 2pp. 44,45 U.; as an element, air, Corp.Herm. 1.9, 16; τὸ π. τὸ περὶ τὴν ψυχήν Plot. 2.2.2, cf. Porph. Sent. 29.
      • 2 metaph., θαλερωτέρῳ π. with more genial breeze or influence, A. Th. 708 (lyr.); λύσσης π. μάργῳ Id. Pr. 884 (anap.); αἰδοίῳ π. χώρας with air or spirit of respect on the part of the country, Id. Supp. 29 (anap.); π. ταὐτὸν οὔποτʼ . . ἐν ἀνδράσιν φίλοις βέβηκεν the wind is constantly changing even among friends, S. OC 612; π. συμφορᾶς E. IT 1317; ὅταν θεοῦ σοι π. μεταβαλὸν τύχῃ Id. HF 216.
    • II breathed air, breath, σάλπιγξ βροτείου πνεύματος πληρουμένη A. Eu. 568; αὐλῶν, λωτοῦ π., E. Ba. 128 (lyr.), Ph. 787 (lyr., pl.); π. ἀπέρρηξεν βίου the breath of life, A. Pers. 507; π. ἀπώλεσεν Id. Th. 984 (lyr.); π. ἄθροισον collect breath, E. Ph. 851; π. ἀφεῖναι, ἀνεῖναι, μεθεῖναι, to give up the ghost, Id. Hec. 571, Or. 277, Tr. 785 (anap.); π. δειμαίνων λιπεῖν Id. Supp. 554; π. . . δυσῶδες ἠφίει Th. 2.49; πνεύματος διαρροαί the wind-pipe, E. Hec. 567; τὰς τοῦ π. διεξόδους ἀποφράττον Pl. Ti. 91c (v. πνεύμων) ; πνεύματος ῥώμη Plu. Praec. 2.804b: prov., ἄνθρωπός ἐστι π. καὶ σκιὰ μόνον S. Fr. 13.
      • 2 breathing, respiration, freq. in Hp., π. πυκνόν, ἀραιόν, ἐκτεῖνον, κατεπεῖγον, Epid. 2.3.7; π. πυκνότερον Acut. 16; π. προσκόπτον checked, difficult breathing, Aph. 4.68; π. ἄσημον indistinct, feeble breathing, Epid. 6.7.8; π. βηχῶδες Coac. 622; π. μετέωρον shallow breathing, Epid. 2.3.1; τὸ π. ἔχειν ἄνω to be out of breath, Men. 23, cf. Sosicr. 1; τὸ π. ἀνήνεγκαν recovered their breath, Hp. Prorrh. 2.12 (so without τὸ π. Aph. 2.43); but ἀναφέρουσιν . . κλαίοντά τε καὶ ἐς τὰς ῥῖνας ἀνέλκοντα τὸ π. they sob . ., Id. Hebd. 51.
        • b pl., of the air imagined as filling the veins, πνευμάτων ἀπολήψιες ἀνὰ φλέβας Id. Acut. (Sp.) 4 [was: 7], al.
      • 3 flatulence, in pl., Eub. 107.9, Arist. Pr. 948b25, Dsc. 2.112, D.L. 6.94.
      • 4 breath of life, π. ζωῆς LXX Ge. 6.17, 7.15, cf. Plu. Per. 13, etc.; π. ἔχειν retain life, Plb. 31.10.4; living being, ἐγὼ Νίνος πάλαι ποτʼ ἐγενόμην π. Phoen. 1.16; οὐ π. πάντα βρότεια σοὶ (sc. Πλούτωνι) νέμεται; IG 14.769 (Naples).
      • 5 that which is breathed forth or exhaled, odour, ὦ θεῖον ὀδμῆς π. E. Hipp. 1391; π. βαρὺ ἀφιεῖσα, of a tree, Plu. QConv. 2.647b.
      • 6 Gramm., breathing with which a vowel is pronounced, QPlat. ib. 1009e (pl.), A.D. Adv. 147.18; π. δασύ, ψιλόν, Id. Pron. 78.6, Adv. 148.9.
    • III divine inspiration, ἄγρια . . πνεύματα θευφορίης AP 6.220.4 (Diosc.); εἰ μή τι θεῖον . . ἐνῆν π. τῇ ψυχῇ Pl. Ax. 370c; τὸ ἱερὸν καὶ δαιμόνιον ἐν μούσαις π. Plu. Exil. 2.605a; καθαρὸν δίκαιον . . π. θεοῦ σωτῆρος BMus.Inscr. 1062 (Cyrene, ii A. D.).
    • IV the spirit of God, π. θεοῦ LXX Ge. 1.2, etc.: freq. in NT, τὸ π. τὸ ἅγιον Ev.Marc. 3.29, al.
      • 2 spirit of man, εἴτʼ ἐστὶ τοῦτο π. θεῖον εἴτε νοῦς Men. 482.3: in NT, opp. ψυχή, 1 Ep.Thess. 5.23, cf. Ep.Rom. 8.2; τῷ π., opp. τῷ σώματι, 1 Ep.Cor. 5.3; also, opp. γράμμα, Ep.Rom. 2.29.
    • V spiritual or immaterial being, angel, Ep.Hebr. 1.14, Apoc. 1.4; τὰ ἄχραντα π., τὰ κακὰ π., Iamb. Myst. 3.31; π. πονηρόν, ψευδές, LXX Jd. 9.23, 3 Ki. 22.21, cf. Act.Ap. 19.12, 15, Apoc. 16.14, Porph. ap. Eus. PE 4.23, etc.; ἀλάλου καὶ κακοῦ π. οὖσα πλήρης (sc. ἡ Πυθία) Plu. Def.orac. 2.438b.
    • VI Rhet., sentence declaimed in one breath, Hermog. Inv. 3.10, 4.4, al.

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