damnum

damnum (late Lat. sometimes dampnum), i, n. [for daminum, neut. of old Part. of dare, = τὸ διδόμενον, v. Ritschl, Opusc. Phil. 2, 709 sq. Less correctly regarded as akin to δαπάνη. Cf. Varr. L. L. 5, § 176 Müll.; Dig. 39, 2, 3], hurt, harm, damage, injury, loss; opp. to lucrum (syn. jactura, detrimentum, incommodum, dispendium. Freq. and class.).

• I In gen.: hauscit, hoc paullum lucri quantum ei damni adportet, Ter. Heaut. 747; cf.: si in maximis lucris paullum aliquid damni contraxerit, Cic. Fin. 5, 30, 91; id. Verr. 2, 1, 12 (with dedecus, as in Plaut. Bac. 1, 1, 37 (71); Sall. J. 31, 19; Hor. S. 1, 2, 52; 2, 2, 96 et saep.); Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 13; id. Phil. 2, 27, 67; Hor. S. 2, 3, 300; id. Ep. 1, 7, 88 et saep.: propter damna aut detrimenta aliquos miseros esse, Cic. Leg. 1, 19, 51; so with detrimenta, id. Verr. 2, 3, 98; with jactura, id. Agr. 1, 7, 21: duarum cohortium damno exercitum reducere, * Caes. B. G. 6, 44; cf. Tac. A. 1, 71; id. H. 2, 66; Curt. 8, 4; Front. Strat. 2, 5, 31 fin.: damnum dare alicui, to inflict upon one (ante-classical), Cato R. R. 149 (twice); Plaut. Cist. 1, 1, 108 (108); id. Truc. 2, 1, 17 (225); Ter. And. 143: facere, to suffer, sustain, Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 77 (327) (opp. lucrum); Cic. Brut. 33; id. Fam. 7, 33; 10, 28, 3 al.; but also, to inflict a penalty, Dig. 9, 2, 30, § 3; Ov. F. 5, 311: capere, Dig. 9, 2, 39; and in the alliterative passage: in palaestram, ubi damnis desudascitur, Ubi pro disco damnum capiam, Plaut. Bacch. 1, 1, 34 (68): accipere, Hor. Ep. 1, 10, 28; Dig. 39, 2, 25: pati, to suffer harm, Sen. Ira, 1, 2; Dig. 9, 2, 29 (but damnum pati, also, to permit, put up with harm, Liv. 22, 41, 4; Luc. 8, 750): ferre (a favorite expression of Ovid), Ov. H. 15, 64; id. F. 1, 60; 2, 522; id. Tr. 3, 8, 34 al.: contrahere (of disease), id. Pont. 1, 10, 29 et saep.: pervenit ad miseros damno graviore colonos Pestis, id. M. 7, 552; cf. id. ib. 3, 213; 8, 777: damna tamen celeres reparant caelestia lunae, i. e. of the waning of the moon, Hor. Od. 4, 7, 13: naturae damnum, natural defect, Liv. 7, 4 fin. —Prov.: damnum appellandum est cum mala fama lucrum, Pub. Syr. 135 (Ribb.).—
• • B Transf., of persons: hoc ad damnum (i. e. scortum) deferetur, Plaut. Men. 1, 2, 24 (133): cf. ib. 21 (130) and 60 (169); Ov. M. 11, 381; 12, 16; cf. id. ib. 11, 133.
• II Esp. in law.
• • A A fine, mulct, penalty, Plaut. Trin. 1, 2, 182 (220); Liv. 4, 53, 7; 7, 4, 2; Gell. 20, 1, 32: quis umquam tanto damno senatorem coegit? Cic. Phil. 1, 5 fin.: eos (leges) morte, exsilio, vinclis, damno coercent, id. Off. 3, 5, 23.—
  • B Freq. in the terms,
  • • 1 damnum injuria (datum), i. e. an injury done to another's beast or slave, for which the lex Aquilia provided compensation, (Caesulenus senex) cum ab Sabellio multam lege Aquilia damni injuria petivisset, Cic. Brut. 34, 131; id. Tull. 4, 8; 5, 11; 17, 41.—
    • 2 Damnum infectum, an injury not done but threatened, and against which the person endangered might require security, Cic. Top. 4, 22; Dig. 39, 2, 3; Plin. 36, 2, 2, § 6 (cf. infectus).

damnum, ī, n. (altlat. dampnum, vgl. griech. δαπάνη; dagegen nach Mommsen u. Ritschl eine Partizipialbildung von dare, eig. da-menum = was [als Buße, Strafe] gegeben wird; vgl. Ritschl opusc. 2, 708 sqq.), die Einbuße = der Verlust, Schaden, Nachteil (Ggstz. lucrum), I) im allg., 1) eig., verb. haec iactura atque damnum, Cic.: damna ac detrimenta, Cic.: libidinis lucra damnaque, Sen.: damnum aut od. et malum (Unheil, bes. körperl. Züchtigung), Komik. (s. Westerh. n. Spengel Ter. Andr. 1, 1, 116 = 143). – d. magnum, maximum, Cic.: d. novum, Cic.: d. infectum, künftiger Sch., Cic. u. Plin.: damna aleatoria, Cic. – m. subj. Genet. od. Pron. poss., d. capitis, V. des Kopfes = V. des einen Horns am Kopfe, Ov.: damnum naturae, Naturgebrechen, Naturfehler, Liv.: sine damno alcis, Plin.: maiore hominum damno quam suo (zum gr. Sch. usw.), Suet.: cum damno meo magno, zu meinem gr. Sch., Plaut.: stomachum suum damno (zum Sch.) Tulli explere, Cic. pro Tull. 15: fortuita damna civium, Vell.: incendiorum damna, Brandverluste, -schäden, Suet.: damna lunae, V. des M. = Abnahme des M., Ggstz. accessiones, Sen., augmenta, Gell., incrementa, Sidon. (vgl. Köler Sen. nat. qu. 6, 8, 1. p. 587): u. so damna caelestia (am Himmel) lunae, Hor.: damnum finium, Schmälerung des Gebietes, Tac. – mit obj. Genet., d. sarcinarum, Curt.: damnum voluntarium unius gemmae, Plin.: d. amissi corporis, Phaedr. – damnum accipere, Hor. u. ICt.: maximis damnis affici (betroffen werden), Cic.: damno augeri (heimgesucht werden), Ter.; aber aucta luctibus damna, zu den V. kamen auch noch Trauerfälle hinzu, Plin. ep.: damnum capere (nehmen, erleiden), ICt.: in maximis lucris paulum aliquid damni contraxisse, Cic.: dare (zufügen) damnum, Cic. pro Tull. § 5. 34 u. 39 u. ICt.: dare (zufügen) alci damnum aut malum, Komik., furtum sive damnum, ICt.: alci damno esse, Plin., Ggstz. alci lucro od. usui esse, Plaut., od. Ggstz. alci lucrosum esse, Ov.: damni nihil erit ex tempestate, Cato: explere (ersetzen) damna sua, Liv.: damnum facere (erleiden, nehmen), Ggstz. lucrum od. aliquid lucri facere, Cic. u.a. (dagegen = Sch. zufügen, Paul. dig. 9, 2, 30. § 3): quod declamationibus nostris cares, damni nihil facis, daran verlierst du nichts, Cic.: magnum damnum factum est in Servio (an S.), Cic.: unius verbi damna grandia ferre, für ein Wort schwer büßen müssen, Ov.: u. so ridendo maxima damna ferre, sich sehr schaden, Ov.: habere (ansehen) alqd in damno (Ggstz. pro munere), Liv.: damnum pati, teils = einen V. geduldig hinnehmen, sich gefallen lassen, Liv. 22, 41, 4; Lucan. 8, 750; teils = einen V. (Sch.) erleiden, Sen. de ira 1, 2, 3. Ulp. dig. 9, 2, 29. § 1: damnum perferre, Cic.: damnum praestare emptori, dem K. für den Sch. haften, Cic.: damna sua sarcire, Cic.: damna vestra, milites, omnium circa qui defecerunt populorum praedā sarcientur, Liv.: damnum in se suscipere, Suet. – 2) meton.: a) der mit Verlust verbundene Aufwand, das Opfer, Plin. pan. 12, 2. – b) Plur. damna, die Verluste = die eingebüßten Gegenstände (Vieh, Kinder), Ov. met. 11, 381; 12, 16. – c) das Verlustbringende, α) die ums Geld bringende Buhldirne, Plaut. Men. 133. – β) das Verlust (Entbehrung) bringende Übel, speciosum damnum, Ov. met. 11, 133.

II) insbes.: 1) der Verlust an Menschen, bes. im Kriege, dah. auch (wie detrimentum) = Niederlage, Schlappe, m. subj. Genet., immane rei publicae (v. Verlust zweier Heere), Vell.: militiae, Iustin.: maiore cum periculo quam damno Romani exercitus, Vell. – m. obj. Genet., utile imperatoris damnum salvo exercitu fuisset rei publicae, Vell. – absol., damna ditia (nach denen das röm. Volk mächtiger wurde), Rutil. Nam.: damna Romano accepta bello, Liv.: carpi parvis cotidie damnis, Liv.: id damnum haud aegerrime pati, Liv.: quae iactura (Einbuße) abundante multitudine inter damna (Verluste) numerata non est, Iustin. – 2) die von einem Magistrate als Strafe verhängte Einbuße, die Buße, Strafe, gew. am Vermögen, der Verlust am Vermögen, die Geldbuße, Geldstrafe, Plaut. trin. 219. Cic. Phil. 1, 12; de off. 3, 23. Liv. 4, 53, 7; 7, 4, 2. Gell. 20, 1, 32. – doch auch im allg., Plin. pan. 35, 3 (wo Ggstz. praemium). Ps. Quint. decl. 331.

damnum (dampn-) [CL] 1 loss, damage, injury; b (w. gen. of cause); c (w. gen. of thing lost); d (w. gen. of loser); e (w. in & abl.); f (w. in or ad & acc.); g (w. ref. to writ of ad quod ~um). ne forte nos [Deus] ‥ vel temporalibus ~is ‥ affligat vel ad perpetuam perditionem ‥ tollat Bede HE IV 23 p. 266; 8‥ ~um, henðo WW; magnum ~um [AS: hynd, l. henðo] et verecundia est homini nolle esse quod est Ælf. Coll. 100; unum molendinum quod ‥ maximum ~um facit regi et hominibus DB I 1; quilibet hoc [aliquid armorum] arripiat et ~um [AS: hearm] inde faciat, rectum est ut qui ~um fecit ~um etiam emendet (Quad.) GAS 363 (cf. (Inst. Cnuti) ib.: malum); inter dampna duo dampnum minus elige D. Bec. 1912; 1200 recognitores ‥ adesse ‥ ad dicendum que ~a ipsa habuit per illam disseisinam CurR I 274 (cf. ib. 275: de placito xv m. quas ‥ R. debuit reddidisse pro ~o quod eis fecit); 1339 cum ‥ injuriosa ~orum discrimina nobis mota fuerint (Lit. Regis) Ad. Mur. Chr. 91; Fortescue LLA 29 (v. consecutivus a).  b atra venenorum non sensit damna nigrorum Aldh. VirgV 477 (cf. ib. 1671: damna latronis); 1002 (12c) sanctissimus vir [Job] in artiori suae ~o anxietatis CD 1295.  c quamvis caecatus sentiret damna pupillae Aldh. VirgV 498; ceteras ‥ copias non sine magno exercitus sui ~o delevit Bede HE II 2; quam institutionem si ‥ aliquis ‥ infringere audebit, ‥ magne pecunie ~o obnoxius erit Ric. Hex. Hist. Hex. I 5; 1253 pro ~is equorum suorum ‥ in servicio regis Cl 188.  d s1221 [comes de Albemarlia] castrum suum de ~is aliorum munivit Wend. II 256.  e 1253 tali precio eos [pannos] eis habere faciat quod non sint in ~o, quia rex vult ipsum pocius esse in ~o quam ipsos Cl 191.  f 1247 destruxit bladum suum ad ~um suum j thrave frumenti et dedecus ij sol. SelPlMan 7; 1269 exierunt plures fere de foresta in libertatem, que ibi capte erant ad ~um domini regis et detrimentum foreste sue SelPlForest 44; 1269 pisces in ~um et dedecus ipsius asportaverunt CBaron 75; 1292 (v. 2 contemptus c); 1298 [bosci] afforestati ‥ ad tale ~um, viz. quod ‥ nichil de predictis boscis capere potuerunt ‥ Cart. Boarstall 574; 1341 multa ‥ attemptare presumpsit in ‥ populi nobis subditi ~um non modicum et gravamen (Pat) Avesb. 97; ad ~um ecclesie faciunt oppositum verbis Pauli Wycl. Pol. 19; 1433 sibi commissa abutitur potestate in ~um, prejudicium, et intolerabile gravamen prioris et prioratus Pri. Cold. 107.  g 1385 (v. ad 14a). 2 (leg.) compensation for injury, damages. b ‘damages cleer’ (payable to clerks). 1199 ~um disseisine est xviij m.; illud reddat CurR I 76; 1202 ipse quesivit versus eum dedecus et ~um ut de uxore sua SelPlCrown 44; s1266 habeant terras suas quietas et ~a sua per considerationem curie Leg. Ant. Lond. 89; petunt ~a sua versus predictos R. [et al.] State Tri. Ed. I 34 (cf. ib. 35: quod illi solummodo ~a intrarent et ad ~a teneantur qui se ~um fecisse cognoverunt); 1305 abbas recuperet ~a sua vj d. versus ‥ R. SelPlForest cxxvi; 1356 (v. 1 assidere 7d); 1375 unde ~a taxantur per juratores ad xiij s. iiij d. Hal. Durh. 128; 1564 reddat prefato A. pixidem ‥ cum ‥ carta ‥ vel dicta separabilia ~a sibi ‥ separatim adjudicata Entries 219b.  b 1280 quas ‥ concessit ‥ clericis dictorum justiciariorum de iiijxx li. que ei adjudicate fuerunt pro ~is suis SelCKB I 69 (cf. ib. lxxxvi-viii); 1302 ~a x m., unde c s. cler[icis], xx s. mar[escallo] JustIt (Durh.) 226 r. 8d; 1336 ~a xx m., unde clericis xx et marescallo dim. m. SelCKB V 85 (cf. ib. xiv). 3 game preserve (within which lord is entitled to compensation for damage done by animals). 1203 [in] illo bosco cepit porcos ‥ ut in ~o et in panagio et in defenso domini sui CurR II 231; 1236 cignos illos juste cepit et in ~o suo Ib. XV 1893; 1250 quia invenit illos [boves] in dompno [v. l. dampno] suo, illos inparcavit Ib. XIX 1686; c1255 (v. cuniculus 2a); 1282 cum ‥ averia Fabiani ‥ in dompno suo apud Treruf [Cornw] inventa imparcare vellet IMisc 41/15 (Cal. 2249) ; possunt capciones advocari eo quod dici poterit quod averia capta fuerunt in loco certo in ~o suo, ut in parco vel alibi in suo separali Fleta 104 (cf. Stat. I Westm. 35); 1330 ad capiendum ‥ animalia in ~is ‥ fratrum inventa MonA VI 1564b; si quis latronem in ~o suo invenerit cum furto, clamorem super illum statim levare debet cum cornu RegiamM IV 23. 2; si quis invenerit aucas vel capras in ~o suo (Fragm. Collecta) APScot I 364. 4 (theol.) spiritual injury, damnation. s1178 qualiter Arriana heresis ‥ cum auctore suo in eternum ~um deperiit G. Hen. II I 214; 1378 (v. damnificare 4); s1389 (v. capitositas).

damnum, (8) ī, n. , ¶ 1 détriment, dommage, tort, préjudice : damnum facere Cic. Br. 125 ; contrahere Cic. Fin. 5, 91 ; capere Pompon. Sext. Dig. 9, 2, 39 ; accipere Hor. Ep. 1, 10, 28 ; pati Sen. Ira 1, 2, 1 ; ferre Ov. H. 15, 64, éprouver du dommage ; damnum dare Cato Agr. 149 ; Pl. Cist. 106 ; Cic. Tull. 8, causer du dommage ; magnum damnum factum est in Servio Cic. Fam. 10, 28, 3, cʼest une grande perte que nous avons faite en Servius || damnum infectum Cic. Top. 22, dommage éventuel, cf. Dig. 39, 2, 3 ; Plin. 36, 6 ¶ 2 [en part.] a) perte de troupes à la guerre : duarum cohortium damno Cæs. G. 6, 44, 1, avec une perte de deux cohortes ; b) amende, peine pécuniaire : Pl. Trin. 219 ; Cic. Off. 3, 23 ; Phil. 1, 12 ; Liv. 4, 53, 7.

damnum , i. n.
害。損。虧。罰錢。— inferre 加害。Damnum facere 受害。虧。

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damnum ī, n

• 3 DA-, hurt, harm, damage, injury, loss: hoc lucri quantum ei damni adportet, T.: damna aleatoria: civitatum damna: amissi corporis, Ph.: cohortium, Cs.: post damnum sic, etc., after your ruin, H.: aliena levare Damna, misfortunes, O.: damnum eius interitu fecerunt, suffered: damna ferenda arbitrari: accipere, H.: pati, to put up with, L.: Damna tulit, suffered, O.: ex quā (pace) ad rem p. damna pervenerint, S.: cum damna damnis continuarentur, defeats, Ta.: naturae, natural defect, L.: egestas facile habetur sine damno, i. e. has nothing to lose, S.: nec sibi damno foret, H.: Lingua fuit damno, O.—A lost object(poet.): mater circum sua damna volans, her stolen brood, O.—A fine, mulct, penalty: damnum inhibere, L.: tanto damno senatorem cogere: eos morte, damno coercent (leges).—In law: damnum iniuriā (datum), i. e. damage wrongfully done, trespass: ab Sabellio multam lege Aquiliā damni iniuriā petere: infectum, not suffered, i. e. threatened; hence, satis dare damni infecti alicui, to give security against loss.

DAMNUM

DAMNUMsignifies loss or injury of any kind, but in its particular sense it means loss or injury which a person has sustained in his property (damnum datum, factum).

Damnum in this particular sense may include loss of gain which a person is prevented from realising (lucrum cessans) as well as loss of actually acquired property (damnum emergens). The causes of damnum are either chance, accident (casus), or acts or omissions of reasonable human beings, for which they are held to be responsible.

As a rule no liability arises out of loss or injury to property caused by accident (casum nemo praestat). A person is not liable for damnum which he causes to another by the just exercise of a right which belongs to him (Dig. 39, 2, 26; 47, 9, 3.7): such damnum is sine injuria.

Dolus malus or culpa, i.e. wilful or negligent misconduct on the part of the person committing damnum, is, as a rule, necessary in order to constitute liability; but in exceptional cases a person may be liable although neither dolus malus nor culpa can be imputed to him.

A wrongful act by which damnum is caused may be either an independent delict, or the breach of some special duty to which a person has become subject as a breach of contract.

The liability to make good a loss which another has suffered is praestare damnum.

A person liable for damages is, as a rule, bound to put the injured party in the same position as he would have been in if the act by which the damage was done had not been committed. He may also be subject to a penalty. (Dig. 9, tit. 2; Windscheid, Pandekten, § § 257, 258; Mommsen, Zur Lehre vom Interesse; Poste, Gaius, § 212.)

[G.L] [E.A.W]

Damnum

A Latin term which signifies loss or injury of any kind; but in its particular sense means loss or injury which a person has sustained in his property. Damnum in this particular sense may include loss of gain which a person is prevented from realizing (lúcrum cessans), as well as loss of actually acquired property (damnum emergens). The causes of damnum are either chance, accident (casus), or acts or omissions of reasonable human beings for which they are held to be responsible. As a rule no liability arises out of loss or injury to property caused by accident. Dolus malus or culpa—i. e. wilful or negligent misconduct on the part of the person committing damnum—is, as a rule, necessary in order to constitute liability; but in exceptional cases a person may be liable, although neither dolus malus nor culpa can be imputed to him. A wrongful act by which damnum is caused may be either an independent delict, or the breach of some special duty to which a person has become subject as a breach of contract. The liability to make good a loss which another has suffered is praestare damnum. A person liable for damages is, as a rule, bound to put the injured party in the same position as he would have been in if the act by which the damage was done had not been committed. He may also be subject to a penalty.