imago

imagines maiorum
ancestral images in somnis inhumati venit imago coniugis
the image of my unburied husband appears in my dreams

imāgō, inis, f.: an image, form, 2.560, et al.; figure, statue, 7.179; apparition, 1.408; ghost, phantom, 1.353; idea, thought, 12.560; manifestation, example, 6.405; echo.

ĭmāgo, ĭnis, f. [cf. imitor], an imitation, copy of a thing, an image, likeness (i. e. a picture, statue, mask, an apparition, ghost, phantom; the latter only poet. and in post-Aug. prose; cf.: simulacrum, effigies, statua, sigillum): imago ab imitatione dicta, Paul. ex Fest. p. 112 Müll.; cf.: imago dicitur quasi imitago, Porphyr. Hor. C. 1, 12, 4.

• I Lit.
• • A In gen., a representation, likeness (usu. of a person), statue, bust, picture: Spartiates Agesilaus neque pictam neque fictam imaginem suam passus est esse ... unus Xenophontis libellus in eo rege laudando facile omnes imagines omnium statuasque superavit, Cic. Fam. 5, 12, 7: Demosthenes, cujus nuper inter imagines tuas ac tuorum imaginem ex aere vidi, id. Or. 31, 110: Epicuri in poculis et in anulis, id. Fin. 5, 1, 3: hominis imaginem gypso e facie ipsa primus omnium expressit ceraque in eam formam gypsi infusa emendare instituit Lysistratus Sicyonius, Plin. 35, 12, 44, § 153: Africani, Cic. Rep. 6, 10: mulieris, Quint. 7, 7, 5: Antigoni, id. 2, 13, 12: depictam in tabula sipariove imaginem rei, id. 6, 1, 32: si in tabula mea aliquis pinxerit velut imaginem, Gai. Inst. 2, 78: cereae, Hor. Epod. 17, 76; id. S. 1, 8, 43: ut dignus venias hederis et imagine macra, Juv. 7, 29: hoc tibi sub nostra breve carmen imagine vivat, Mart. 9, 1: epistula atque imago me certum fecit, i. e. the image on the seal, the signet, Plaut. Ps. 4, 6, 35 (1097); 4, 2, 29 (984); 4, 7, 105 (1207): nunc amici anne inimici sis imago, Alcesime, mihi, sciam, i. e. will act like a friend, Plaut. Cas. 3, 1, 1 (515).—
  • • 2 A phantom, ghost, apparition: infelix simulacrum atque ipsius umbra Creusae Visa mihi ante oculos et nota major imago, Verg. A. 2, 773; cf.: et nunc magna mei sub terras ibit imago, shade, spirit, Verg. A. 4, 654; Plin. Ep. 7, 27, 6; cf. id. ib. 1: non vanae redeat sanguis imagini, Hor. C. 1, 24, 15: (somnus) Vanum nocturnis fallit imaginibus, Tib. 3, 4, 56; cf. Hor. C. 3, 27, 40; Suet. Aug. 94; id. Calig. 50: te videt in somnis, tua sacra et major imago humana turbat pavidum, Juv. 13, 221: quid natum totiens falsis Ludis imaginibus? phantoms, Verg. A. 1, 408: ubique pavor et plurima mortis imago, id. ib. 2, 369; cf.: repetitaque mortis imago, Ov. M. 10, 726: lurida mortis imago, Petr. 123, v. 257: varia pereuntium forma et omni imagine mortium, Tac. H. 3, 28: caesorum insepultorumque, id. A. 1, 62: supremorum (i. e. funeris) imago, id. H. 4, 45.—Poet.: genitiva (with forma), natural shape, figure, Ov. M. 3, 331; so, rudis et sine imagine tellus (= informis), shapeless, id. ib. 1, 87.—
  • B In partic., an ancestral image of a distinguished Roman (of one who had been aedile, praetor, or consul; usually made of wax, and placed in the atrium of a Roman house, and carried in funeral processions.—
  • • • • α In plur.: obrepsisti ad honores errore hominum, commendatione fumosarum imaginum, quarum simile habes nihil praeter colorem, of smoky (i. e. old) ancestral images, Cic. Pis. 1, 1; cf. Sen. Ben. 3, 28, 1; Plin. 35, 2, 2, § 6: si quid deliquero, nullae sunt imagines, quae me a vobis deprecentur, no ancestors of distinction, Cic. Agr. 2, 36, 100; cf.: quia imagines non habeo et quia mihi nova nobilitas est, Sall. J. 85, 25: qui imagines familiae suae consecuti sunt, Cic. Agr. 2, 1, 1: homo veteris prosapiae ac multarum imaginum, Sall. J. 85, 10: majorum imagines, id. ib. 5, 5; Suet. Vesp. 1: multis in familia senatoriis imaginibus, id. Aug. 4: esto beata, funus atque imagines Ducant triumphales tuum, Hor. Epod. 8, 11: qui stupet in titulis et imaginibus, id. S. 1, 6, 17; Plin. 35, 2, 2, § 6 sqq.; Prop. 2, 13, 19; Suet. Vesp. 19.—
        • β In sing. (rare): jus imaginis, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 14, § 36: imaginis ornandae causa, id. Sest. 8, 19: vir honoratissimae imaginis futurus ad posteros, Liv. 3, 58, 2: clarum hac fore imagine Scaptium, would become an aristocrat, id. 3, 72, 4, v. Weissenb. ad loc.: Tunc Cotta ne imago Libonis exsequias posterorum comitaretur censuit, Tac. A. 2, 32.
• II Transf., a reverberation of sound, an echo (mostly poet.): (mellaria facere oportet) potissimum ubi non resonent imagines, Varr. R. R. 3, 16, 12: concava pulsu Saxa sonant, vocisque offensa resultat imago, Verg. G. 4, 50; cf. Sil. 14, 365: alternae deceptus imagine vocis: Huc coëamus ait ... Coëamus retulit Echo, Ov. M. 3, 385: cujus recinit jocosa Nomen imago, Hor. C. 1, 12, 4; so, jocosa Vaticani montis, id. ib. 1, 20, 8: vaga, Val. Fl. 3, 596.
• III Trop.
• • A In gen., an image or likeness of a thing formed in the mind, a conception, thought, imagination, idea: Scipionis memoriam atque imaginem sibi proponere, Cic. Lael. 27, 102: magnam partem noctium in imagine tua vigil exigo, Plin. Ep. 7, 5, 1: Verginium cogito, Verginium video, Verginium jam vanis imaginibus audio, id. ib. 2, 1, 12: imagines, quae εἴδωλα nominant, quorum incursione non solum videmus, sed etiam cogitamus, Cic. Fin. 1, 6, 21; cf.: imagines extrinsecus in animos nostros per corpus irrumpere, id. Ac. 2, 40, 125: plena sunt imaginum omnia, nulla species cogitari potest nisi pulsu imaginum, etc.; id. Div. 2, 67, 137 sq.: unum aliquem te ex barbatis illis, exemplum imperii veteris, imaginem antiquitatis, columen rei publicae diceres intueri, an image of the olden time, id. Sest. 8, 19; cf.: expressam imaginem vitae quotidianae videre, id. Rosc. Am. 16, 47: quidnam illi consules dictatoresve facturi essent, qui proconsularem imaginem tam saevam ac trucem fecerint, i. e. by cruelty in office, Liv. 5, 2, 9: naturae ... urbis et populi, Cic. Rep. 2, 39 fin.: justitiae, Quint. 2, 20, 6: virtutis, id. 10, 2, 15: similitudines ad exprimendas rerum imagines compositae, id. 8, 3, 72: illae rerum imagines, quas vocari φαντασίας indicavimus, id. 10, 7, 15: conscripta formantur imagine templa, plans, Stat. S. 3, 1, 117: scipione determinata prius templi imagine in solo, Plin. 28, 2, 4, § 15: tua, pater Druse, imago, memory, Tac. A. 1, 13: magna illic imago tristium laetorumque, recollection, id. ib. 2, 53: si te nulla movet tantae pietatis imago, Verg. A. 6, 405.—
  • B In partic.
  • • 1 In rhet., a figurative representation, similitude, comparison: comparabile est, quod in rebus diversis similem aliquam rationem continet. Ejus partes sunt tres: imago, collatio, exemplum. Imago est oratio demonstrans corporum aut naturarum similitudinem, etc., Cic. Inv. 1, 30, 49; cf.: imago est formae cum forma cum quadam similitudine collatio, Auct. Her. 4, 49, 62; Sen. Ep. 59, 92; Quint. 6, 1, 28; Hor. S. 2, 3, 320; id. Ep. 1, 7, 34.—
    • 2 With the idea predominating of mere imitation, in opp. to what is original or real, a mere form, image, semblance, appearance, shadow: consectatur nullam eminentem effigiem virtutis, sed adumbratam imaginem gloriae, Cic. Tusc. 3, 2, 3: nos veri juris germanaeque justitiae solidam et expressam effigiem nullam tenemus: umbra et imaginibus utimur, id. Off. 3, 17, 69; cf.: non in umbra et imagine civitatis, etc., id. Rep. 2, 30; and: umbram equitis Romani et imaginem videtis, id. Rab. Post. 15, 41: haec ars tota dicendi, sive artis imago quaedam est et similitudo, habet hanc vim, ut, etc., id. de Or. 2, 87, 356: judiciorum, only the appearance of courts, id. Sest. 13, 30; cf.: imaginem rei publicae nullam reliquissent, id. Agr. 2, 32, 88: his quoque imaginibus juris spretis, Liv. 41, 8, 10: imaginem retinendi largiendive penes nos, vim penes Parthos, Tac. A. 15, 14: habitu et ore ad exprimendam imaginem honesti exercitus, the pretence, id. ib. 16, 32; 6, 27; id. H. 1, 84; 3, 70: qui faciem eloquentiae, non imaginem praestaret, id. Or. 34: nec imagine rerum, sed rebus incendit, Quint. 10, 1, 16: in falsa rerum imagine detineri, id. 10, 5, 17; cf.: nullo quippe alio vincis discrimine, quam quod illi (hermae) marmoreum caput est, tua vivit imago, Juv. 8, 55.—
    • 3 A representative: non in effigies mutas divinum (Augusti) spiritum transfusum; sed imaginem veram, caelesti sanguine ortam, intellegere discrimen, etc., Tac. A. 4, 52.—
    • 4 That which suggests or recalls something by resemblance, a reminder: me consolatur recordatio meorum temporum, quorum imaginem video in rebus tuis, Cic. Fam. 1, 6, 2: a Corbulone petierat, ne quam imaginem servitii Tiridates perferret, nothing to suggest slavery, Tac. A. 15, 31; cf.: moriar, si praeter te quemquam reliquum habeo, in quo possim imaginem antiquae et vernaculae festivitatis adgnoscere, Cic. Fam. 9, 15, 2.

imāgo, inis, f. (vgl. aemulus), das Bild, Bildnis als Nachbildung, das Abbild, griech. εἰκών, bes. ein Brustbild, I) objektiv, A) eig.: 1) als Werk der Plastik od. der Malerei: a) im allg.: imago ficta alcis, Büste, Cic.: imago picta, Gemälde (Porträt), gemaltes Brustbild, Plin. u. Cic.: huius facti picta imago, Val. Max.: in bibliotheca sua ponere imagines municipum suorum, Plin. ep.: als Bild jmds. im Steine des Siegelrings, est signum notum, imago avi tui, Cic.: imagines deûm, Götterbilder, Tac.: deorum, die Penatenbilder, Ascon.: imago cerea, Wachspuppe, Hor. sat. 1, 8, 43. – dah. auch der Bauriß, Stat. silv. 3, 1, 117; vgl. Plin. 28, 15. – b) insbes., imagines (maiorum), die Bilder der Vorfahren, Ahnenbilder, Wachsmasken nach dem Leben geformt (dah. auch cerae gen.), die aufzustellen nur die das Recht hatten, die ein kurulisches Amt, also von der Äbilität an aufwärts, verwaltet hatten. Diese imagines wurden in tempelartigen Schränken (armaria), die im Atrium an der Wand angebracht waren (dah. fumosae imagines, Cic. Pis. 1. Sen. ep. 44, 5), aufbewahrt, jede imago mit einem Lorbeerkranze geschmückt, und unter jeder imago stand als Aufschrift (titulus) der Name des Verstorbenen, seine Würden u. seine Verdienste; die einzelnen imagines waren durch Laubgewinde verbunden, die an festlichen Tagen samt den Lorbeerkränzen erneut wurden, s. Sen. de ben. 3, 28, 2. Plin. 35, 6. Tac. dial. 8. Bei feierlichen Leichenzügen wurden die imagines der Leiche in der Art vorgetragen, daß Menschen, die in Größe u. übriger Figur den vorzustellenden Personen glichen, diese Wachsmasken vor das Gesicht nahmen u. in der jedem zukommenden Tracht nebst allen gebührenden Insignien vor dem lectus einherzogen, Hor. epod. 8, 11. Plin. 35, 6 sqq. Prop. 2, 13, 19. Suet. Cal. 23, 1. Vgl. Marquardt Privatleben² 1, 241 ff.

2) als natürliches Abbild in körperlicher u. geistiger Hinsicht, a) übh.: hic, qui adest, imago animi et corporis tui, constantissimus atque optimus filius tuus, Cic.: en iuvenem, inquit, effigiem atque imaginem eius, quem etc., Liv.: Alexis imago Tironis, das Ebenbild, Seitenstück, Cic.: imaginem belli navalis agitare, ein Seemanöver abhalten, Flor.: imaginem alcis ferre, jmds. Abbild tragen = jmds. Gestalt angenommen haben, sich für jmd. ausgeben, Plaut. mil. 151. Auct. prol. Plaut. Amph. 141 u. capt. 39. – imago animi vultus est, indices oculi, Cic.: imago solis, lunae, das Abbild, der Widerschein, Lucr. u. Verg. – b) das schriftliche Nachbild, explicate descriptionem imaginemque tabularum, die Abschrift u. das Nachbild = die getreue Abschrift, Cic. Verr. 2, 190.

3) (wie εἴδωλον) v. Schatten-, Traum- u. Phantasiebildern, a) = Schattenbild, Schatten der Abgeschiedenen, imagines mortuorum, Cic.: magna mei sub terras ibit imago, Verg.: in somnis inhumati venit imago coniugis, Verg.: semper tua dicar imago, dein dich liebender Schatten, Prop.: num (al. non) vanae redeat sanguis imagini, dem körperlosen Sch., Hor. carm. 1, 24, 15 (vgl. no. b). – b) = Traumbild, imago somni od. noctis, Ov.: imagines somniorum, Suet.: nocturnae imagines, Tibull.: nocturnae quietis imago, Tac.: imago vana, Trugbild, Hor. carm. 3, 27, 40 sq. (vgl. no. a): decipior melioris imagine somni, Ov. – c) = Gespenst, Plin. ep. 7, 27, 6. – d) (wie simulacrum bei Lukrez) als t. t. der epikureischen Philos. = das dem Geiste vorschwebende Abbild eines gesehenen oder gedachten Gegenstandes, s. Cic. de div. 2, 137.

4) das Echo als Nachahmung der Stimme, ubi non resonant imagines, Varro: alternae deceptus imagine vocis, Ov.: cuius recinet iocosa nomen imago, Hor.: laus bonorum virtuti resonat tamquam imago, Cic.

5) das Wortbild, die Parabel (παραβολή), die Fabel, hāc ego si compellor imagine, Hor.: haec a te non multum abludit imago (Fabel von den Fröschen), Hor.: solebat Attalus hāc imagine uti: Vidisti aliquando canem etc., Sen. ep. 72, 8: invenio imagines, Sen. ep. 59, 6. Vgl. Cornif. rhet. 4, 62. Cic. de inv. 1, 49.

B) übtr.: 1) im allg.: haec conficta arbitror a poëtis esse, ut effictos nostros mores in alienis personis expressamque imaginem nostrae vitae cotidianae videremus, ein treues Abbild (= eine treue Darstellung), Cic.: recordatio meorum temporum, quorum imaginem video in rebus tuis, Cic.

2) insbes., im Ggstz. zur Wirklichkeit = das Scheinbild, Schattenbild, Trugbild, Phantom, der Schein, a) übh., Quint. 10, 1, 16; 10, 5, 17. – b) mit dem Nebenbegr. des Täuschenden, Pompeium imagine pacis, Lepidum specie amicitiae deceptos, Tac.: deceptum imagine decoris, durch ein Trugbild der Ehre, Liv.: biduum imagine cognitionis absumptum, mit dem Scheine usw., Tac.: tamquam imago servitii, Tac.: misera et ingrata imago industriae, Schein von Tätigkeit (den man sich gibt), Plin. ep.: his quoque imaginibus iuris spretis, Trugbilder (Vorspiegelungen) eines rechtlichen Verfahrens, Liv. – c) mit dem Nbbegr. des Wesenlosen, der Schatten, si denique imaginem iudiciorum aut simulacrum aliquod futurum reliquum credidisset, Cic.: imaginem rei publicae nullam reliquerunt, keinen Schatten, keine Spur, Cic.: imaginem urbis magis, quam urbem fecerat, Flor.: umbra et imago equitis Romani, Schatten und leerer Name, Cic.: imago tribuniciae potestatis sine vi, Vell.

II) subjektiv: 1) das Bild, in dem sich etwas unsern Blicken darstellt = der Anblick, die Erscheinung, im. venientis Turni, Verg.: plurima mortis imago, häufig bot sich das Bild-, der Anblick des Todes dar, Verg.: exercitum imagine caesorum insepultorum tardatum ad proelia, Tac.: varia pereuntium forma et omni imagine mortium, in jeglicher Gestalt der Tod zu schauen, Tac.

2) die Vorstellung, die man von etwas hat oder sich macht, der lebhafte Gedanke an etwas, ponti tristis imago, Ov.: tantae caedis imago, Ov. – si te nulla movet tantae pietatis imago, Verg.: es tumidus genitoris imagine falsi, Ov.: poenae in imagine tota est, beschäftigt sich ganz mit dem Gedanken an die (zu vollziehende) Strafe, Ov.: tua (an dich), pater Druse, imago, Tac.

imago [CL] 1 an artificial likeness representing the semblance of a person or object; b (spec., w. ref. to Classical antiquity) death-mask (of ancestor). 10‥ imaga [sic] vel agalma, anlycnyss WW; diffinicio vel descripcio animalis picti est ymago inanimata insensibilis Bacon XV 204; 13‥ (v. 3c infra).  b sicut antiquis majorum imagines et picture Gir. TH pref. p. 21. 2 pictorial representation, picture: a (drawn or painted); b (in coloured glass); c (in embroidery). a ~inem Domini ‥ in tabula depictam Bede HE I 25 (v. depingere 1b); aut ~ines pingite aliquas aut sculpite Ælf. Bata 4. 17 (cf. (v. 4a infra)); s1099 (v. effigiare 4); sic eciam est de tabula in qua pingitur ymago, quia et tota tabula cum pictura quandoque dicitur ymago, quandoque vero sola pictura Kilwardby SP 28va; 1372 tractatus ymaginum secundum modum planetarum et operacionibus [sic] eorum; ‥ Hermes de ymaginibus ‥ Invent. York 54; proximo sequuntur ascendentes ‥ et ‥ tabula lune, et sub ea ponuntur quedam notule de ~ine signorum Elveden Cal. 5; 1414 in pictura unius tabule et ymaginis S. Johannis Evangeliste Ac. Durh. 224.  b 1488 T[home] S. glasyer pro factura lij pedum vitri et ‥ pro j ymagine S. Crucis Ac. Durh. 650.  c 1245 casula ‥ tassellum habet breudatum ymaginibus [Invent. Ch. Ch. 14: †imaginis] Petri et Pauli Invent. S. Paul. 483; 1295 in medio [frontalis] breudantur ymagines Crucifixi, Marie et Johannis Vis. S. Paul. 324; 1341 lego ‥ j zonam sericam ymaginibus consutam RR K's Lynn I 160; tunica intexta magnis ymaginibus Lib. Regal. 14v; 1368 lego ‥ summo pontifici j capam valde preciosam de violaceo velveto, braudatam cum ymaginibus (Test. Episc.) Reg. Exon. 1551; 1404 item j celour de nigro bukram cum ymagine Trinitatis pro uno hers Ac. Durh. 395; a1414 duo alia [tapatia] cum ~inibus intextis in eisdem de opere antiquo . ‥ unus [pannus] de panno lineo ‥ cum laneis ~inibus consutis in eodem (Invent.) Amund. II app. 336; 1444 lego ‥ j lectum blodium de arras worke cum ij ymaginibus et racionibus moi foi Test. Ebor. II 101. 3 representation carved, engraved, moulded or applied in relief; b (on coin); c (on seal-die or its impression); d (on precious stones w. spec. properties). 1208 aliud par bacinorum ad leopardos et ~ines in fundo Invent. Exch. 122; 1235 (v. elevare 1g); insculpitur ‥ in eodem [cadmeo] ~o pannosa, tenens in una manu hastam ‥ et in alia manu puerum ‥ et preterea, ante pedes ~inis, aquila insculpitur G. S. Alb. I 84; 1267 cum v ymaginibus stagneis ad idem lavatorium (Pipe) Ac. Build. Hen. III 422; 1295 morsus Galfridi de L. argenteus ‥ cum ymaginibus Salvatoris coronantis matrem suam, et Petri et Pauli lateralibus, et angeli superius et datoris morsus inferius Vis. S. Paul. 310; 1368 textum evangeliorum, prout leguntur per annum, coopertum argenteo [sic] cum ymaginibus protractis Crucifixi, Marie, et Johannis ex parte una, et cum nigra deneel coronacione ex parte alia (Test. Episc.) Reg. Exon. 1552; 1383 unus textus evangeliorum ornatus cum argento et auro, cum ymagine Trinitatis in una parte Ac. Durh. 426; a1414 alius parvus textus cum lamine argenteo deaurato in quo sculpta habetur ~o crucifixi (Invent.) Amund. II app. 323.  b ita ut non Britannia sed Romania censeretur et quicquid habere potuisset aeris, argenti vel auri ~ine Caesaris notaretur Gildas EB 7; numisma ‥ et es et commercii formam quisque apud se transmutavit ‥ et, quam voluit, inpressit ~inem Lib. Eli. III 73; Dial. Scac. I 3F (v. falsarius 2a).  c mollis cera est et quasi liquens nec ~inem sigilli quoquo modo recipiens Eadmer V. Anselmi I 11 p. 21; c1120 sigillo mee ymaginis hec consigno E. Ch. Scot. 36 p. 30; Dial. Scac. I 15 (v. deambulatorius 1b); 13‥ est in medio ejusdem sigilli ymago dicti regis Edgari, ‥ et habet superscriptionem ‘ymago Edgari Scottorum regis’ E. Ch. Scot. 15 p. 13.  d tanquam vir peritus astrorum duas ~ines sculpsit in gemmis Ashenden AM 1. 1; nam secundum [v. l. sicut] dicit Thebyth, ymagines et sculpture fiunt in lapidibus ut virtutem Geminorum ex celi influencia recipiant N. Lynn Kal. 211. 4 figure carved, cast or moulded in the round, statue, model; b (as votive offering); c (used in witchcraft). ut prius in strato truculentus imaginis altae / diversis vidit jam praesagata metallis Aldh. VirgV 336; toracidas, tuentibus / retorquentes luminibus / imagines auriferis / Christi matris capitibus (Æthelwald) Carm. Aldh. 2. 175; Ælf. Bata 4. 17 (v. 2a supra); Gosc. Transl. Aug. 46C (v. effigiare 1a); 1143 ~ines S. J. Evangeliste, Marci, Mathei, Luce et xij apostolorum, omnes argenteas (Invent.) Cart. Rams. II 274; s1141 erat ibi [sc. in cenobio ad Hidam] ~o crucifixi Domini magna mole auri et argenti simulque gemmarum ‥ operosa devotione fabrefacta W. Malm. HN 499 p. 59; [Caduallonis] corpus Britones balsamo ‥ conditum in quadam enea ~ine ad stature sue mensuram fusa mira arte posuerunt G. Mon. XII 13; 1259 quod v ymagines regum excisas in franca petra et quandam petram ad supponendum pedibus j ymaginis B. Marie faciatis habere (DCWestm.) Ac. Build. Hen. III 196; 1295 feretrum S. Laurencii portatile lingneum ‥ cum ymaginibus magnis levati operis argenteis deauratis Vis. S. Paul. 313; 1383 item ymago [S. Oswaldi] argentea et deaurata cum costa ejusdem inclusa in pectore imaginis Ac. Durh. 426; 1420 coram ymagine Beate Marie de alabastro Reg. Cant. II 213; 1427 lego ‥ duas ymagines, unam viz. de Trinitate compositam de aumber et aliam de BVM argenteam Ib. 351; 1444 lego c s. ad emendum ij cathenas aurias, unam viz. ad ponendum circa collum yemaginis B. Marie Virginis ‥ et alteram ad ponendum circa collum Filii yemaginis predicte Test. Ebor. II 92; 1496 cum iiij ymaginibus de corrella (v. 2 corallus a).  b in signum sue sanitatis destinavit Evesham ymaginem cere Mir. Montf. 106 (v. albus 8a); 1286 C. falconario pro cera empta ad faciendam quamdam †ymaginam [MS: ymag’; l. ymaginem] ad similitudinem girfalconis sui infirmi ‥ que oblata fuit apud Cantuar’ ad †feretram [MS: feret’m; i. feretrum] S. Thome Rec. Wardr. 368; nondum scilicet secura preditus sospitate, ‥ illuc in cera sue similitudinis premisit ymaginem Mir. Hen. VI II 37 p. 101.  c hoc ‥ sacramentum quidam in artem magicam verterunt, celebrando missas super ~ines cereas ad imprecandum alicui Gir. GE I 49 p. 137; suggestione siquidem diaboli quedam mulieres cereas sive luteas formant ~ines ut sic hostes vel amasios torqueant vel incendant P. Blois Ep. 65. 192A; 1422 duas ymagines sereas fecit (v. incantamentum); s1440 magister R. Bolyngbroke arrestatus fuit ‥ cum indumentis suis nigromanticis et ~inibus cereis et quam pluribus aliis instrumentis nigroma[n]ticis W. Worc. Ann. 763. 5 (pagan) idol, image worshipped as a god. Bede Hom. II 24. 248 (v. emundare 2b); quid est ‥ quod tanta haereticorum nomina meae imposuisti personae, quorum ~ines et potestates in civitate sua Dominus Deus olim ad nihilum redegit? Alcuin Dogm. (Adv. Elipand. I 6) 246A. 6 reflected image: a (in mirror or polished surface, also fig.); b (in water). a in mysticis scripturarum eloquiis, quasi ~inibus quibusdam in speculo, veritas nobis resultat H. Bos. LM 1362C; dum integrum est speculum, unica uno solo inspiciente resultat ~o Neckam NR II 154 p. 239; verbum ‥ est ‥ imago de speculo semper ymaginem depromente Gros. Hexaem. II 3. 1; in speculis spericis ymagines in majori parte minores esse rebus visis Peckham Persp. II 33 tit..  b in aqua turbida non resultat ~o sed in limpida Neckam NR II 153 p. 236. 7 object of vision, (esp. phil.) phenomenon. b object of aural perception or ? echo. Bacon Maj. II 97 (v. disparere b); pupilla est medius punctus oculi ubi est vis videndi. in qua quia parve ymagines videntur pupilla appellatur SB 35.  b cum due sunt aures et in utraqua aurium fiat passio que est ymago soni J. Blund An. 182; cum ymago gravis soni sit in aure et ymago acuti soni existat in alia aure Ib. 186. 8 mental picture, idea; b (as product of memory); c (in dreams). nulla ratione negari potest, cum mens rationalis seipsam cogitando intelligit, ~inem ipsius nasci in sua cogitatione; immo ipsam cogitationem sui esse suam imaginem ad ejus similitudinem tamquam ex ejus impressione formatam Anselm (Mon. 33) I 52; eas quas auditus induxerat in corde versat ~ines Ailr. Inst. Inclus. 2; pia et succensa mens omne corpus omnesque corporeas ~ines similitudinesque transcendens Ad. Scot QEC 18. 831D; propter vehementem similitudinem que est inter ymaginem et ymaginatum, non distinguit anima inter ea J. Blund An. 248; oportet spiritum sensitivum, actu cognoscentem sensibilia, eorum apud se similitudines habere; et iste dicuntur ab Augustino et ab Aristotile ‘ymagines’ et ‘species’ et ‘simulacra’ sive ‘phantasmata’ Kilwardby SP 18rb; quando ea que sensata [v. l. sensitiva] sunt extra ingerunt anime suas ~ines spirituales, per quas interius videntur etiam cum non sentiuntur Id. OS 223.  b quanto sepius eumdem videris vultum, ‥ tanto expressius ejus ~o tue memorie imprimetur Ailr. Inst. Inclus. 7; species permanens est in memoria, que est ymago illius forme que prius fuit forma in sensu audientis J. Blund An. 169; Ps.-Gros. Summa 481 (v. ductivus a); ~o representat illud cujus est per actum recordandi Ockham Quodl. 310.  c quiescenti fabro apparuit per sompnium eadem ~o, torviori quidem vultu, plus solito increpans et quadam facilitate objurgans cur injuncto non obedisset mandato Found. Waltham 2; hiis dictis, alloquentis ymago cum ipso ablata est sopore Ad. Eyns. Visio 9; Ferr. Kinloss 16 (v. dormiturire). 9 that which resembles but is not a thing, a semblance, likeness, imitation; b (sub ~ine & gen. or sim.) in the guise or manner (of). sic casta integritas, auri flaventis imago, / gignitur e spurca terreni carne parentis Aldh. VirgV 160; falsa ‥ felicitatis ~o Ailr. Spec. Car. I 22 (v. deludere a); 1157 abbas ‥ quandam libertatis ~inem apprehendens ad episcopalis auctoritatis parilitatem assurgit J. Sal. Ep. 32 (43); [milites] preludium Martis serii colunt et in ~ine belli sese exercent ut in conflictu rei militaris idonei reperiantur Neckam NR II 175 p. 312; 1237 invenitur ‥ aliquis forte simplex sacerdos qui nec jus habet nec etiam juris ymaginem in eadem [ecclesia] Conc. Syn. 250; color ‥ carbonum ardentium prefert ymaginem Upton 197 (v. incida).  b J. Sal. Pol. 764B (v. declamatio 1a); c1198 vides ut folium / quod vento rapitur / in altum tollitur / et subito deprimitur; / tali sub ymagine / ludit [fortuna] in homine (Pol. Poems) EHR V 317; sub dilectionis ~ine aut devotionis obtentu aut alicujus simulatione officii se adulatio prodigiosa palliat ut gratius acceptetur P. Blois Ep. 70. 218C; ludus fortune mutatur ymagine lune: / omnes irridet lubrica ceca suos Walt. Angl. Fab. 42. 35; c1258 insuper Radulphum ‥ clericum, sub ymagine porcionis quam supra dictus Ricardus defunctus in ipsa ecclesia optinuerat, ad dictam ecclesiam dyocesano presentavit Cart. Chester 304. 10 a copy, duplicate; b (of text or sim.). si posueris sigillum coram cera ita quod tangat eam ‥ et inpingendo in illud assimilet se illi et in se reflectendo videat in se ymaginem sigilli: sic ‥ Kilwardby SP 25rb; quantumcumque duo ova sint similia, unum non est ~o alterius . ‥ ideo requiritur quod ~o nata sit imitari ipsum cujus est ~o et exprimere illud Duns Ord. III 341.  b W. Fitzst. Thom. 29 (v. echo). 11 embodiment (of abstr. in person), personification. constantis fidei datur exemplaris imago / Eligius sanctus, mirus in arte fabri Garl. Tri. Eccl. 38. 12 outward appearance, esp. as giving recognizable likeness (of a reality, or sts. of abstr., in familiar form); b (~o rerum, cf. Hebr. x 1). Aldh. Met. 2 p. 64 (v. edocere 1c); Bede HE V 21 (v. imitari 2c); assiduus gelidae somnus est mortis imago Alcuin Carm. 91. 3. 4; Hwætberht Aen. 54. 1 (v. echenais); omnis materia ipso quod de ea factum est simplicior est nec habet in se formam vel ~inem sui compositi Petrus Dial. 21; non hec fuit ejus ymago / olim dum nobis juvenilis floruit etas V. Merl. 1395; ~inem hominis non imitatur nisi alter homo ejusdem nature cujus imago est Elmer Cant. Record. 710B; J. Sal. Met. 854B (v. diacrisis); nihil in temporalibus invenio ‥ quod vite celestis ~inem representet P. Blois Ep. 30. 101A; homo ‥ in se totius mundi representat ~inem Gerv. Tilb. I 1 (v. discernere 3c); [avis] perducta ad episcopum, capite pendulo ac velud egris per omnia gestibus mestam pretendebat ymaginem Ad. Eyns. Hug. II 7 p. 108; Duns Ord. III 175 (v. distinguere 3a).  b sed Dominum testor, cui rerum servit imago, / post David regem nescit habere parem G. Amiens Hast. 733. 13 (~o Dei or sim.) the image or likeness of God (esp. w. ref. to Gen. i 26); b man; c Christ; d angel; e the soul. in hoc maxime factus est homo ad ~inem Dei, in quo irrationabilibus antecellit Bede Gen. 30A; ad ~inem et similitudinem suam ipse Creator omnium eum creavit, quod nulli alii ex creaturis donavit. quae ~o diligentius ex interioris hominis nobilitate est consideranda Alcuin Exeg. 566B; attende ‥ quid sit ad ~inem et similitudinem Dei te esse creatam ‥ Elmer Cant. Record. 710B; Ad. Marsh Ep. 92 (v. deiformis).  b [homo] mira quidem magni solus imago Dei Alcuin Carm. 85. 8; Wulf. Æthelwold 39 (v. 1 decor 1a); H. Bos. Thom. IV 13 (v. effugare 4); recede, diabole, ab hac ymagine Dei ‥ et da locum Spiritui Sancto Lib. Evesham 18.  c hac sedet arce Deus judex, Genitoris imago Alcuin Carm. 103. 1. 1.  d Ps.-Gros. Summa 422 (v. deiformitas).  e alii arguunt ‥ sic: anima est ~o Dei, ergo capax ejus est et particeps esse potest Duns Ord. II 8; Wycl. Trin. 62 (v. imitatorius 2).

ĭmāgō, (7) gĭnis, f. (racine im, cf. imitor ), ¶ 1 représentation, imitation, portrait : alicujus picta, ficta Cic. Fam. 5, 1, 7, portrait, statue de qqn ; alicujus ex ære Cic. Or. 110, statue de qqn en airain ¶ 2 [en part.] portrait dʼancêtre, image [en cire, placée dans lʼatrium, portée aux funérailles] : Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 36 ; Sest. 19 ; Liv. 3, 58, 2 || surtout au pl. : jus imaginum, le droit dʼimages, réservé aux nobles ; fumosæ imagines Cic. Pis. 1, portraits enfumés des ancêtres, cf. Cic. Agr. 2, 100 ; Sall. J. 4, 5 ; 85, 25 ; homo multarum imaginum Sall. J. 85, 10, homme qui compte de nombreux ancêtres, de haute noblesse ¶ 3 image, ombre dʼun mort : Virg. En. 2, 773 ; 4, 654 ; imagines mortuorum Cic. Div. 1, 63, les images des morts || fantôme, vision, songe, apparition : Hor. O. 3, 27, 40 ; Tib. 3, 4, 56 || spectre : Plin. Min. Ep. 7, 27, 6 ¶ 4 écho : vocis Virg. G. 4, 50 ou imago seul Varro R. 3, 16, 12 ; Hor. O. 1, 20, 6 ; gloria virtuti resonat tamquam imago Cic. Tusc. 3, 3, la gloire est comme lʼécho de la vertu ¶ 5 portrait, image, copie de qqn : Alexis, imago Tironis Cic. Att. 12, 10, Alexis, qui est une réplique de Tiron ; filius tuus, imago animi et corporis tui Cic. Fam. 6, 6, 13, ton fils, qui est ton image au moral et au physique ; alicujus imaginem ferre Pl. Mil. 151 ; Capt. 39, prendre les traits de qqn, se faire passer pour qqn || explicate descriptionem imaginemque tabularum Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 190, déployez la copie et le fac-similé des registres ; imago animi vultus est Cic. de Or. 3, 221, le visage est le miroir de lʼâme ¶ 6 [au pl.] images des objets [c. simulacra dans Lucrèce] : Cic. Div. 2, 137 ¶ 7 comparaison, parabole, apologue : Cic. Inv. 1, 49 ; Hor. S. 2, 3, 320 ; Ep. 1, 7, 34 ; Quint. 6, 1, 28 ¶ 8 [fig.] a) image, copie, reproduction : antiquitatis Cic. Sest. 19, une reproduction de lʼancien temps, cf. Cic. Amer. 47 ; Fam. 1, 6, 2 ; 9, 15, 2 ; b) copie, imitation [opp. à la réalité] : virtutis Quint. 10, 1, 16, copie de la vertu ; modestiæ imagine Tac. H. 4, 86, sous le masque de la modestie ; c) ombre, fantôme, apparence : judiciorum Cic. Sest. 30, une ombre de tribunaux ; imaginem rei publicæ nullam relinquere Cic. Agr. 2, 88, ne pas laisser une ombre de gouvernement, cf. Cic. Off. 3, 69 ; Rep. 2, 52 ; d) représentation par la pensée, évocation, pensée : tristium lætorumque Tac. Ann. 2, 53, évocation de choses tristes et agréables ; magnam noctium partem in imagine tua exigo Plin. Min. Ep. 7, 5, 1, je passe une grande partie des nuits à évoquer ton image.

imago , inis. f.
像。畫之像。形。影。夢。Jocosa Vaticani montis imago 某山之應聲音。Gens sine ullis majorum imaginibus 無古跡家。新家。— quietis nocturnae 夢問見之怪影。

Suggest a Translation
See an image

imāgō inis, f

• 2 IC-, an imitation, copy, image, representation, likeness, statue, bust, picture: tabularum, exact copy: cereae, H.: macra, Iu.: genetiva, natural figure, O.: sine imagine tellus, shapeless, O.—An ancestral image, mask(of a man who had been aedile, praetor, or consul): ius imaginis: avi tui: clarum hac fore imagine, i. e. would become an aristocrat, L.: fumosae, smoky ancestral images: nullae sunt imagines, quae, etc., ancestors of distinction: imagines non habeo, S.: imagines familiae suae: homo multarum imaginum, S.: funus imagines ducant triumphales tuum, H.—A phantom, ghost, apparition, vision: magna mei sub terras ibit imago, shade, V.: vana, H.: inhumani coniugis, V.: natum falsis Ludis imaginibus, phantoms, V.: mortis, O.: somni, a dream, O.: nocturnae, Tb.—A reverberation, echo: resonare tamquam imago: vocis offensa resultat imago, V.: iocosa montis, H.—Fig., an image, conception, thought, imagination, idea: Scipionis imaginem sibi proponere: antiquitatis, an image of the olden time: proconsularem imaginem tam saevam facere (i. e. by cruelty in office), L.: tantae pietatis, V.: poenaeque in imagine tota est, O.—A figure of speech, similitude, comparison, C.: haec a te non multum abludit imago, H.—An empty form, image, semblance, appearance, shadow: adumbrata gloriae: equitis Romani: rei p.: his imaginibus iuris spretis, L.—A reminder, suggestion: quorum (temporum) imaginem video in rebus tuis: genitoris imagine capta, V.

IMAGO

IMAGOImago was the ordinary Latin word used to signify the copy or likeness of anything ( Imago ab imitatione dicta, Festus, p. 112); and, as applied to copies of nature, it includes pictures, statues, busts, or any mode of artistic representation. More particularly, however, imago was used to denote the ancestral likenesses which were exhibited in the more public parts of a Roman noble's dwelling. In the houses of the nobility the imagines of the forefathers of the head of the household were placed in the alae, the two wings which opened out of the hinder part of the atrium, or central hall, one on either side (Marquardt, Privatleben der Römer, 1. p. 233; Vitr. 6.3, 6, Imagines ad latitudinem alarum sint constitutae: cf. Juven. 8.19). These imagines were portrait-masks in wax (expressi cera vultus, Plin. Nat.35.6); and the origin of these waxen masks is to be sought, not in the idea of immortalising the features of the dead for the benefit of posterity, but in the ancient beliefs connected with burial and with the life of the dead. That the primary use of the imago was for the purposes of funeral ceremonies is stated by Pliny (l. c., expressi cera vultus--ut essent imagines quae comitarentur gentilicia funera) and the original part it played in these ceremonies is shown by the close analogies that we meet with in most of the civilised nations of the ancient world. Benndorf has shown the close resemblance that the Roman imagines bear to the portrait-masks for covering the faces of the dead, which are found in a great many ancient civilisations; they are analogous to the portrait-heads of the Egyptian mummies, and the light masks of gold, silver, bronze, iron, or tin, which are found used for this purpose in Nineveh, Phoenicia, Carthage, and by Schliemann at Mycenae in Greece (Benndorf, Antike Gesichtshelme und Sepulcralmasken in the Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Academie der Wissenschaften, xxviii. pp. 302 ff.). The original use of the Roman portrait-masks must similarly have been for covering the faces of the dead. The custom at Rome was to lay out the dead before burial, and in funerals of special distinction this lying in state lasted for seven days (Serv. ad Aen. 5.64). For this purpose the services of an embalmer (pollinctor) were required; and it is a probable supposition that the services of the pollinctor did not end with preparing the body for burial, but that he also fashioned the mask that was to be buried with it. This was done by taking a mould of the face from nature. From this mould he would proceed to take a cast in wax, to put the finishing touches (emendare) and colouring on this waxen image, which was then laid either on the dead man's face or on his effigy (Benndorf, l. c. p. 371). The imagines were then waxen casts from moulds, which were taken from nature; they were faces in relief (expressi cera vultus) which received the colours and touches of nature (Lessing, Sämmtl. Schrift. 10. p. 290). The original mask which was made from the mould was no doubt burnt or buried with the body (Marquardt, l. c. p. 236): but a fresh mask might be made from this mould, which was the imago placed in the atrium of a Roman house ; and which was used on the occasion of the death of a member of the household, when the imagines of the ancestors formed a part of the funeral procession. Marquardt thinks that the masks might be renewed from time to time, and that on the occasion of such funerals it was not in every case the fumosae imagines (Senec. Ep. 44, 5; Juven. 8.8) that were brought to light. The imagines as used in funerals were merely masks which were fitted on to the faces of the actors who represented the dead man's ancestors; but the imagines as kept in the atrium were probably masks fitted on busts. This is the conjecture of Quatremère de Quincy, whose account of the combined uses of these masks, for funeral purposes and for exhibition in the atrium, is extremely probable. He says, Nothing prevents us from believing that the family portraits in coloured wax had attached to them busts, with the whole head, the neck, the breast, and the commencement of the drapery; but that, for their use in funeral ceremonies, the front part of the head which constituted the face was detached to serve as a mask (De Quincy, Le Jupiter Olympien, p. 37) In the ceremonies of the apotheosis of a deceased emperor described by Herodian, it is not clear whether the imago was a waxen model of the whole form, or a waxen mask fitted on to a statue (Hdt. 4.2, 2, κηροῦ δὲ πλασάμενολτ;γτ; εἰκόνα, πάντα ὁμοίαν τῷ τετελευτηκότι, ἐπὶ μεγίστης ἐλεφαντίνης κλίνης εἰς ὕψος ἀρθείσης προστιθέασιν); but we have here probably described a masked statue resembling the masked busts in the atrium. These busts were placed along the walls of the alae in small, shrine-like recesses (armaria, Plin. Nat.35.6; ξύλινα ναΐδια, Plb. 6.53), and under each imago was an inscription (titulus) giving the name and deeds of the person represented by it. Such inscriptions were called tituli (Liv. 10.7, 11), or indices (Tibull. 4.30, nec quaeris quid quaque index sub imagine dicat), or elogia; having this last name, Mommsen says, because they were regarded as excerpts from the fuller commentarii gentilicii (Mommsen, C. I. L. p. 277, elogium from eligere). They were brief records of the person's history written in prose, although Atticus, we are told, made a new departure in the composition of tituli by writing. them in pointed verse (Corn. Nep. Attic. 18). They were in many cases not trustworthy, family pride sometimes leading to their forgery or falsification (Liv. 4.16; 7.40-Z2). The imagines were arranged in such an order that. when connected by lines drawn upon the wall, they showed the stemma or family tree (Plin. Nat.35.6, stemmata vero lineis discurrebant ad imagines pictas), and the immense length of some of these gentilia stemmata (Suet. Nero 37) shows the great antiquity of the practice of preserving the imagines of ancestors; although the fact that some of these pedigrees were traced to a mythical ancestor (Suet. Galba, 2) shows that some of these portraits were imaginary representations; that is, if we suppose every link in the chain of descent represented in the atrium of a noble house to have had an imago corresponding to it. On festal days the recesses in which these imagines were kept were thrown open, and the busts crowned with laurel (Cic. pro Muren. 41, § 88). The triumphators of a family were regarded with especial pride; there seem to have been two portraits of them in the houses that could boast of this distinction: for we find that, while they had a statue in the vestibule (Juven. 7.125, hujus enim stat currus aeneus alti, Quadrijuges in vestibulis), there was also a full-length portrait of them in the atrium, standing on the triumphal car (Juven. 8.2, stantes in curribus Aemilianos). In this latter passage of Juvenal the portrait is spoken of in connexion with the stemma and the picti vultus majorum, which shows that this second representation of a triumphator in the atrium was made to bring him into connexion with the table of descent. Whether these full-length portraits to any degree replaced the older waxen masks, or were only used in the case of triumphators, is doubtful. A passage in Martial (Mart. 2.90, 6, atriaque immodicis artat imaginibus) and one of Vitruvius (Vitr. 6.3, 6, imagines cum suis ornamentis) seem to point to the fact that such full-length portraits were somewhat generally used in later times to represent the more distinguished members of the family (Mommsen, Staatsr. i.2 p. 429, n. 1).

A complete alteration in the fashion of the imagines was caused, during the Empire, through the decreasing number of ancient and noble families, and the rise of new families, who had no imagines, and yet wished to decorate the atrium with portraits. The old waxen masks were now replaced by clipeatae imagines, bronze or silver medallions, such as had been long used for the decoration of temples and public places (Plin. Nat.35.6). The senate-house during the Empire was decorated with the medallions (clipei) of famous orators (Tac. Ann. 2.37, 83); and at Pompeii the walls of the alae in private houses are adorned with portrait-medallions of this kind (Marquardt, l. c. p. 239). These medallions sometimes represented the emperors and other prominent persons unconnected with the family; but they also replaced the waxen masks as portraits of ancestors (Just. Cod. 5.37, 22), to such an extent indeed that Pliny tells us that in his time the older form of the imago had wholly disappeared (Pliny, Plin. Nat.35.6, Imaginum quidem pictura in totum exolevit). By this is meant only that the custom of forming such waxen masks as portraits had ceased, for the older imagines kept in the armaria are found as late as the year 276 A.D. (Vopiscus, Florian. 6, in which the expression imagines aperirent shows that the passage refers to the older waxen masks; Marquardt, l. c. p. 239, n. 3).

As has been stated above, the first use assigned to the imagines at Rome was their exhibition in public funerals. This leads to the consideration of the Jus imaginum, or the conditions that had to be satisfied by a man before his imago could be exhibited in the funeral processions of any of his descendants. The right was confined to those who had filled the offices of dictator, consul, censor, praetor, and curule aedile: it coexists with the right of the toga praetexta and the sella curulis (Cic. in Verr. 5.1. 4, 36, togam praetextam, sellam curulem, Jus imaginis ad memoriam posteritatemque prodendae), and coincides nearly with the possession of curule office, although the interrex, a curule magistrate, does not seem to have been included (Mommsen, Staatsr. i.2 p. 427, n. 2). We find that the actors at such funerals who wore the imagines of the dead were adorned with the insignia of the offices these had, filled in life, with the toga praetexta of the consul or praetor, the purple robe of the censor, or the toga picta of the triumphator, and sat on curule chairs to listen to the laudatio of the member of the race, whose funeral they attended, and to the mention of their own past deeds (Plb. 6.53). The Jus imaginum must originally have been a sole patrician right, when the patricians filled all the highest offices, and were indeed the only true members of a gens, with which the funeral imagines were intimately connected (Plin. l. c. ut essent imagines quae comitarentur gentilicia funera); but on the growth of the new nobility of office, which followed on the equalisation of the two orders, it became a privilege of the noble plebeians as well; and the distinction between those who had the Jus imaginum and those who had not was equivalent to the distinction between nobiles and novi homines. This right might, however, be lost after death by one who satisfied the conditions of having held curule office. If it was affirmed by the ruling powers at Rome that a man had not died in the full possession of citizen rights, he lost the privilege of having his imago exhibited, as we see in the case of Brutus and Cassius, the exhibition of whose masks at the funerals of their race was not permitted (Tac. Ann. 3.76, 5); and we find the extinction of this right made part of a penal sentence on a man who had anticipated condemnation by suicide on a charge of majestas (Tac. Ann. 2.32, 2, ne imago Libonis exsequias posterorum comitaretur). But, as it was possible to fall below this right, so it was possible to rise above it. The representation of the imago was a human privilege; and consequently the deified emperor might not be borne in the procession at the funeral of a member of his race (Dio Cass.).

Connected with the Jus imaginum is the question what restrictions were laid down by the state on the exhibition in public of statues, medallions, or other representations of individual citizens. Mommsen thinks that in the older times at Rome it was forbidden to set up the statue or bust of a living man in a public place, or even in a public part of the house, such as the atrium. In the last two centuries of the Republic this restriction seems to have been removed or neglected; for we find M. Claudius Marcellus, consul in 152 B.C., placing his own statue in the temple of Honos and Virtus founded by his grandfather (Ascon. in Pison. p. 12), and L. Fabius Maximus, as curule aedile in 56 B.C., erecting on the Fabian archway a statue of himself (C. I. L. 1. p. 278; Mommsen, l. c. 434, 435). The setting up of the busts and statues of one's forefathers in public seems never to have been forbidden; Pliny, in tracing the origin of the clipei, tells us that Appius Claudius, consul in 307 B.C., set up medallions of his ancestors in the temple of Bellona which he had built, with the tituli honorum beneath them (Plin. Nat.35.6), and in the second century B.C. we find the portraits of ancestors taking their place on Roman coins (Mommsen, Römisches Münzwesen, p. 462). It is probable that an exhibition of this sort was held by the same standing right as the exhibition in the atrium of those who satisfied the conditions of the Jus imaginum; and that therefore it did not require the consent of the state. But the community or the senate might order the setting up of a statue of those who had filled no magistracy, but had done some signal service to the state. Such statues were granted to Horatius Cocles and Cloelia (Liv. 2.10; 2.13-Z2); and to the boy Aemilius Lepidus by a decree of the senate (Val. Max., 1). Under the Empire, the princeps has a standing right of having his statue set up in any public place during his lifetime, and of granting a similar privilege to any officer or magistrate, as Tiberius granted it to Sejanus (Tac. Ann. 4.2, 4; 74, 3). To the emperor's statue, and even to his head on coins, a peculiar sanctity attached; to clasp his imago was equivalent to taking sanctuary, and this right of asylum led to abuses which claimed legal restraint (Tac. Ann. 3.36, 1; Furneaux's note, Gai. Inst. 1.53; Mommsen, Staatsr. ii.2 p. 737, n. 1). The right of individuals to have statues during their lifetime was also extended under the early principate. Augustus ordained that with the honour of a triumph or triumphal ornaments should be joined the erection of a bronze statue of the triumphator (Dio Cass.); while Claudius permitted the same honour to those who had built or restored a public building at their own cost (lb. 60.25). But, since the permission to have the triumphal insignia as well as to erect buildings for public uses had to be gained from the senate, the permission to have a statue practically depended on the will of this body, or rather on the will of some member of the ruling house who guided their decisions (Mommsen, Staatsr. i2 p. 438).

(Marquardt, Privatl. der Römer, i. pp. 235-239, 243; O. Benndorf, Antike Gesichtshelme und Sepulcralmasken in the Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Academie der Wissenschaften, xxviii.; Eichstädt, De imaginibus Romanorum dissertationes duae; Quatremère de Quincy, Le Jupiter Olympien, pp. 36, 37. On the Jus imaginum, Mommsen, Römisches Staatsrecht, i.2 pp. 426 sqq.)

[A.H.G]