magister

natura artis magistra
nature is the teacher of art

magister , trī, m.: master; governor, instructor, 5.669, et al.; leader, chief, 5.562; helmsman, pilot, 1.115; herdsman, 12.717. (rel. to māgnus and μέγας, great)

măgister, tri (old orthog., ‡ magester, like ‡ leber, ‡ Menerva, for liber, Minerva, acc. to Quint. 1, 4, 17), m. [a double comparative in form, from magis, and comparative ending -ter; cf.: minister, sinister], a master, chief, head, superior, director, president, leader, commander, conductor, etc.: quibus praecipua cura rerum incumbit, et qui magis quam ceteri diligentiam et sollicitudinem rebus, quibus praesunt, debent, hi magistri appellantur, Dig. 50, 16, 57.

• I Lit.
• • A In gen., the dictator in the earliest times was called magister populi, the chief of the people: in Magistro populi faciendo, qui vulgo dictator appellatur ... qui primus Magister a populo creatus est, Paul. ex Fest. s. v. optima lex, p. 198 Müll.: (sapiens) rectius appellabitur rex quam Tarquinius, qui nec se nec suos regere potuit: rectius magister populi (is enim dictator est) quam Sulla, qui trium pestiferorum vitiorum, luxuriae, avaritiae, crudelitatis magister fuit, Cic. Fin. 3, 22, 75; cf. also below the passage, Varr. L. L. 5, § 82 Müll.; Cic. Leg. 3, 3, 9: dictator quidem ab eo appellatur, quia dicitur: sed in nostris libris (sc. auguralibus) vides eum magistrum populi appellari, id. Rep. 1, 40, 63 Creuz.; cf., with reference to this passage, Sen. Ep. 108, 31: Larcum moderatorem et magistrum consulibus appositum, Liv. 2, 18, 5.—Magister equitum, the chief of the cavalry, appointed by the dictator: magister equitum, quod summa potestas hujus in equites et accensos, ut est summa populi dictator, a quo is quoque magister populi appellatus, Varr. L. L. 5, § 82 Müll.: dictator magistrum equitum dicit L. Tarquitium, Liv. 3, 27; 7, 21 fin.; 23, 11: fumosi equitum magistri, in a family tree, Juv. 8, 8.—So, magister peditum (analogous to magister equitum), chief of the infantry, Amm.21, 12, 16. —The censor is called magister morum, master of morals, Cic. Fam. 3, 13, 2: magister sacrorum, the chief priest, Liv. 39, 18 fin.; v. Drak. ad loc.; so, PVBLICVS SACRORVM (or SACERDOTVM), Inscr. Orell. 2351: FRATRVM ARVALIVM, ib. 2426: SALIORVM, ib. 2247; 2419: LARVM AVGVSTI, ib. 1661 et saep.: curiae, the overseer of a curia, Plaut. Aul. 1, 2, 29 (107): vici, the overseer of a quarter or ward, Suet. Aug. 30: chori canentium, a head-chorister, leader of a choir, Col. 12, 2: officiorum and operarum, a superintendent, bailiff, id. 1, 18: scripturae and in scripturā, a director of a company of farmers-general, Cic. Att. 5, 15, 3; id. Verr. 2, 2, 70, § 169; cf.: P. Terentius operas in portu et scripturā Asiae pro magistro dedit, i. e. has performed the functions of a magister, was vice-director, id. Att. 11, 10, 1: quaesivi, qui per eos annos magistri illius societatis fuissent, id. Verr. 2, 2, 74, § 182: P. Rupilius, qui est magister in ea societate, id. Fam. 13, 9, 2: maximarum societatum auctor, plurimarum magister, id. Planc. 13, 32: pecoris, a chief herdsman, Varr. R. R. 2, 10; cf. Verg. G. 3, 445: elephanti, conductor, Sil. 4, 616: auctionis, the director, superintendent, conductor of an auction, Cic. Quint. 15, 50; cf.: is quem putabant magistrum fore, si bona venirent, id. Att. 1, 1, 3; 6, 1, 15; an officer charged with distributing money among the people, Plaut. Aul. 2, 2, 3 (180).—Law t. t., an agent or assignee to dispose of a debtor's goods: praetor jubet convenire creditores, et ex eo numero magistrum creari, id est eum per quem bona veneant, Gai. Inst. 3, 79: convivii, the master or president of a feast, Varr. L. L. 5, § 122 Müll.; Ap. Apol. p. 336, 11: navis, the master or captain of a ship, Dig. 14, 1, 1; Gai. Inst. 4, 71; so without navis, Juv. 12, 79: gubernatores et magistri navium, Liv. 29, 25, 7; 45, 42, 3; the steersman, pilot: ipse gubernaclo rector subit, ipse magister, Verg. A. 5, 176; 1, 115; 6, 353; Val. Fl. 1, 18; 1, 382; Luc. 2, 696; Sil. 4, 719: samnitium, i. e. of the gladiators, a fencing-master, Cic. de Or. 3, 23, 86: magistri tabernae, innkeepers, Paul. Sent. 2, 8, 3.—In inscrr. are found also: fani, horreorum, collegii, memoriae, munerum, Augustalis, admissionum, epistolarum, libellorum, etc.; likewise: a bibliothecā, ab marmoribus, etc.—
  • B In partic.
  • • 1 A teacher, instructor, Cic. Phil. 2, 4, 8: pueri apud magistros exercentur, id. de Or. 1, 57, 244: artium lberalium magistri, id. Inv. 1, 25, 35; cf.: virtutis magistri, id. Mur. 31, 65; id. N. D. 1, 26, 72: rarum ac memorabile magni Gutturis exemplum conducendusque magister, Juv. 2, 114.—Transf., of inanim. things: magister mihi exercitor animus nunc est, Plaut. Trin. 2, 1, 4 (226); id. Curc. 2, 2, 8 (258): stilus optimus dicendi effector ac magister, Cic. de Or. 1, 33, 150; Pers. prol. 10: timor, non diuturnus magister officii, Cic. Phil. 2, 36, 90.—
    • 2 An educator of children, a tutor, pedagogue: senes me filiis relinquunt quasi magistrum, Ter. Phorm. 71: docendis publice juvenibus magister, Gell. 19, 9, 2. —
    • 3 A master, owner, keeper: trepidumque magistrum In cavea magno fremitu leo tollet alumnus, Juv. 14, 246.—
    • 4 A master of his art, professor: a tonsore magistro Pecteris, Juv. 6, 26.—
• II Trop., an adviser, instigator, author of any thing (very rare): si quis magistrum cepit ad eam rem improbum, Ter. And. 192: magister ad despoliandum Dianae templum, Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 21, § 54.—As adj.: rituque magistro Plurima Niliacis tradant mendacia biblis, Sedul. 1, 15.

magister, trī, m. (Stamm mag-, wov. auch magnus), Meister = Vorgesetzter, Vorsteher, Leiter, Direktor, Anführer, Aufseher, I) eig.: 1) im allg.: populi, Diktator, Cic.: equitum, Amtsgehülfe des Diktators u. zugleich Befehlshaber der Reiterei, Liv.: sacrorum (griech. ἀρχιερεύς), Liv.: Saliorum, Inscr.: rei militaris, Liv.: militiae, Heermeister, Feldherr, Liv.: armorum, Feldzeugmeister (Oberbefehlshaber), Amm.: morum, Sittenvorsteher (v. Zensor), Cic.: curiae, Plaut.: vici, Viertelsmeister, Bezirksvorsteher, Suet.: pagi (griech. κώμαρχος), Dorfschultheiß, Gromat. vet.: chori canentium, Musikdirektor, Kapellmeister, Colum.: operum (operarum), Aufseher, Vogt, Colum.: so auch officiorum singulorum, Colum.: aber mag. officiorum, Kanzler, Minister des Innern, Amm.: magister admissionum, s. admissio: fulloniae artis, Corp. inscr. Lat. 13, 8345: societatis od. in societate, Direktor der Gesellschaft der Generalpächter (publicani), Cic.: scripturae od. in scriptura u. portus, bei den Einkünften aus den Viehtriften u. Zöllen, Cic. (dah. in scriptura pro magistro dat operas, macht den Vizedirektor, Cic.): pecoris, Oberhirt bei den größeren Herden, Cic.: u. so regii pecoris, Liv.: pecorum magister, Orest. tr.: ovium, Schafhirt, Verg.: asini, Eigentümer, Treiber, Apul.: elephanti, Führer Kornak, Liv. u. Sil.: convivii (griech. συμποσιαρχος), der Anordner eines Schmauses, Gelages, der Zechmeister (der auch die Zahl der jedesmal zu trinkenden Becher bestimmte), Varro: so auch mag. cenandi, Cic., od. cenae, Mart.: navis, Schiffskapitän, auf einem Kriegsschiffe (ναύαρχος), Liv. u.a. (s. Burmann Petron. 101), od. Schiffspatron eines Kauffahrteischiffes (ναύκληρος), Hor.; b. Dichtern auch = Steuermann, s. Drak. Sil. 4, 719; Burmann Val. Flacc. 1, 382: navigandi magister, Steuermann, Amm.: mag. epistularum, Geheimschreiber, Spart.: mag. memoriae, Kanzleidirektor, Amm.: magister scrinii, Vorsteher der Hofkanzlei, Eutr. – ludi magister, Schulmeister, Schullehrer, Cic.: dass. mag. disciplinae, Colum.: ludi litterarii mag., Elementarlehrer, Aur. Vict. u. Amm.: dass. mag. litterarius, Vopisc. – 2) insbes.: a) der Geschützmeister, Amm. 23, 4, 6. – b) der Kurator der Masse (Konkursmasse), Cic. u.a. (s. Lachmann Gaius inst. 3, 79. p. 239). – c) der Lehrmeister, Lehrer (Ggstz. discipulus), α) übh.: artium, Cic.: artium liberalium, Augustin.: coquinae, Isid.: rhetoricus, Amm.: religionis, Cic.: virtutis, Cic.: m. Dat., docendis publice iuvenibus magister, öffentlicher Lehrer, Gell. 19, 9, 2: operam pingendo sub magistro Diogeneto dare, Capit.: puerorum (Sklaven) impudentiam sub magistro habere, einüben lassen, Sen.: uti magistro volo, Cic. – übtr., stilus optimus dicendi magister, Cic.: magister artis ingeniique largitor venter, Pers.: est omnium rerum magister usus, Caes.: usus est magister optimus, Cic.: quod me docuit usus magister egregius, Plin. ep.: stultorum iste (eventus) magister est, Liv.: timor, non diuturnus magister officii, Cic. – β) der Fechtmeister der Gladiatoren, Mart. 5, 24, 3. Tert. ad mart. 1. – γ) ein Lehrer im Transchieren, Iuven. 5, 122. – d) der Aufseher über die Jugend, Pädagoge, Ter. Phorm. 72. – II) übtr., Tonangeber, Aufmunterer, Urheber, Lehrmeister, si quis magistrum cepit ad eam rem improbum, Ter.: qui dux isti quondam et magister ad despoliandum Dianae templum fuit, Cic.: saepe in magistrum scelera redierunt sua, Sen. poët. – übtr., ritu magistro, Sedul. carm. 1, 6 (15). – ➳ Nbf. magester, s. bes. – Nom. Plur. magistres, Corp. inscr. Lat. 1, 1293 u. 1540. 14, 2875. Vgl. Georges Lexik. der lat. Wortf. S. 402.

magister [CL] 1 one who controls, governor, ruler, superior; b (~er militum) commander of troops, leader; c (~er serviens) sergeant major, master sergeant; d (nav.) ship’s master, captain of a merchant or naval vessel. tum habueris praeceptorem paene totius Britanniae ~rum elegantem Gildas EB 36; nuntius advenit mandans edicta magistri, / invadit cunctos nimia formidine terror Wulf. Swith. I 1405; ? 1166 quoniam tibi ‥ obnoxius sum ut ~ro et domino J. Sal. Ep. 195 (189); 1224 Aunfridus illam [ecclesiam] dedit Willelmo de B. ~ro suo BNB II 700; crucifixus erat Jesus inter duos latrones ‥ tamquam ~er eorum Edmund Spec. Relig. 102.  b in palatio ~ri militum [gl.: campealdra] officio fungens Aldh. VirgP 47; et Herwardum ~rum militum G. Herw. 326; in aliis conflictibus ‥ ~er militum fuit Ord. Vit. IV 7 p. 223.  c 1215 quod in tempore pacis tantum duodecim servientes itinerantes habeantur in terra mea cum uno equo, qui sit ~ri servientis Ch. Chester 394 p. 390; ~er ‥ serviens et plumbarius capiunt duplex, sc. uterque iiij panes ‥ Reg. Pinchbeck I 370; 1348 Bergeveny ‥ . est ibidem una firma decem librarum quam ~er serviens reddere solebat annuatim IPM Ed. III 91 m. 31.  d 1221 assultavit navem, ita quod ~er nauta fugit apud Toppesham CurR X 115; ~er navis ‥ signum ‥ procelle ‥ agnovit Mir. Wulfst. II 10 p. 156; 1242 iiij de melioribus ~ris marinellis ‥ Baione RGasc I 149a; et ~ros nautas eorum ‥ arestaverunt MGL I 501; 1336 vos [sc. admirallus flote] seu ~ri marinarii vel alii homines de dictis navibus RScot 441a; 1403 ~ro ‥ balingere (v. 2 gubernator 1b); 1513 vicecapitaneis ‥ dominis, nobilibus ‥ ~ris, marinariis, hominibus ad arma (Pat) Foed. XIII 349b. 2 one in charge of others, one entrusted with the care of others: a (people); b (animal). a allegorice nubes sunt ecclesiae ~ri sublimes Bede Prov. 952; praeter ~ros infantum, qui parvulis pueris, qui id non possunt, capita lavare debent Lanfr. Const. 158; ~er novitiorum Ib. 168; prestantissimus artificum ~er templique spectabilis dictator Blitherus Gosc. Transl. Aug. 17C; c1155 controversia inter dominum Symonem ~um monialium ‥ et ‥ capellanum Danelaw 287; c1220 in abbatia, ubi plures fratres ejusdem officii sub uno ~ro deserviunt, ~er eorum a vestiario requirat vestes illis necessarias Cap. Arr. 276; 1353 in stipend’ sacerdotum, ~ri puerorum elemosinarie ‥ Ac. Durh. 207; 1417 ~ro organistorum Ib. 460.  b ~er bestie [elephanti] (M. Par. Maj.) MS Corpus Christi Coll. Camb. 16 f. 151v (in marg.) . 3 a chief official in the household, head of a department: a (eccl. & mon.); b (royal); c (~er Rotulorum) Master of the Rolls; d (~er Cancellariae) Master of the Chancery; e chief official of a guild (merchant or relig.); f (naut.) purser. a c1200 ~er operum habeat custodiam ferri et aceri secundum antiquam consuetudinem Cart. Rams. II 198; 1222 ~er ‥ hospitalis (v. frater 9); ~er criptarum Cust. Cant. 142; 1308 ~ro de communia Ac. Durh. 4; 1334 ~ro infirmar’ Ib. 116; c1334 Rogero ~ro de pistrina Ib. 524; reddendo annuatim sibi iij solidos per ~rum fabrice ecclesie Cart. Chester 473 p. 277; 1404 vij cathene argentee in manu ~ri cere Ac. Durh. 396; 1480 dominus N. K., precentor et ~er capelle (Vis.) Reg. Whet. II 231; reddendo ‥ ~ro communitatis Reg. Aberbr. II 354; c1499 servientibus armorum, cursoribus, ~ris de virga ac reliquis minoribus officialibus Conc. III 639; 1526 ~ro stauri Ac. Durh. 107.  b ~er dispensator panis Domus Reg. 130 (v. dispensator 2c); 1162 unus ex ~ris regardatoribus et pasuagatoribus Act. Hen. II I 349; 1182 ac ~ris forestarum in Anglia, salutem Ib. II 163; 1416 ~ri deductus (v. deductus 2a); 1434 Philippus Courtenay miles sit ~er venacionum regis infra Cornubiam ActPC IV 284; 1456 Willelmo M., ~ro cursorum ‥ warde de Yarow ExchScot 225; 1459 ~ro hospicii Ib. 565; 1461 ~ro avarie Ib. 70; 1468 pro certis speciebus deliberatis ~ro Johanni de Camera, ~ro specierum Ib. 551; 1516 ~ro domino meo Brianno Tuke ‥ ~ro postarum, Londini L. & P. Hen. VIII 1698; 1545 officium ~ri jocorum, revelorum, et mascorum (Pat) Foed. XV 62a.  c a1423 quod custos sive ~er rotulorum cancellarie Chanc. Orders 7b; 1485 per ‥ Thomam Barowe ~rum Rotulorum (Cl) Foed. XII 271; Camd. Br. 143 (v. cancellaria 2c).  d 1375 de ‥ ~ris cancellarie (v. cancellaria 2a); a1423 quod nullus ex ~ris seu clericis cancellarie Chanc. Orders 7c; in cancellaria ‥, in qua ~er generalis judicat Camd. Br. 143.  e 1340 unum ~rum sive custodem de omnibus illis qui ad gildam illam assumpti fuerint (Chanc. Misc.) Gild Merch. II 50; Guild Cert. 41/154 (v. 2 gilda 5); 1403 de eorum consensu ‥ unum ~rum ‥ gilde predicte Gild Merch. II 363; 1451 singulis annis duos ~ros et duos gardianos de seipsis [eligere possint] Ib. 61; 1491 per ~rum et procuratores artis scissorie StatOx 298; 1554 habeant unum ~rum artis sive mistere de merchaunt venterers civitatis predicte (Pat) Gild Merch. II 361.  f 1385 exceptis ‥ ~ris bursarum eorundem navium et vasorum TreatyR II m. 10. 4 head of a church or religious house. episcopos et ~ros aliarum ‥ ecclesiarum Gosc. Transl. Mild. 6 p. 164; 1115 nonnullos ecclesiarum praepositos et ~ros ‥ destinatos Eadmer HN 274; 1353 ~ro et monachis de Jarowe do et lego xl s. Feod. Durh. 6n. 5 master (of a school): a (eccl. & mon.); b (acad.); c (~er collegii or sim.) master of a college. a invenit ‥ in ~ro scolae caritatem perfectam Byrht. V. Osw. 423; † a1100 teste ‥ ~ro scolarum Laurentio Feod. Durh. lxxix; [archiepiscopus] ~rum scholarum jam ante statuerat H. Cantor f. 3v; 1203 coram ‥ Ricardo de S. ~ro scolarum Lond’ CurR II 267; 1309 precentor capituli et ~er scholasticus concanonicus ejusdem PQW 836a; 1373 ~ro scolarum elemosinarie Ac. Durh. 210.  b 1231 quod ‥ per totam villam illam [Cantebrigiam] clamari faciatis ‥ quod nullus clericus moretur in villa illa qui non sit sub disciplina vel tuitione alicujus ~ri scholarum RL I 397; 1333 lx li. ‥ quos dicit se solvisse magistro Johanni de Langetoft ~ro scolarium de elemosina regis ad scolas universitatis LTR Mem 105 m. 165; a1350 statutum est quod ~ri scolarum gramaticalium teneantur die Veneris gramaticalia dumtaxat disputare StatOx 23; 1492 quia ~ri scolarum apud fratres Augustinienses in disputationibus ibi habitis sine mercede graves sustinent labores Ib. 300.  c 1285 ~ro et scolaribus domus de Balliolo Oxonie studentibus Deeds Balliol 14; quod opus ‥ vidi Oxonie in collegio Balioli in manibus doctoris R. T. ~ri principalis illius collegii Gascoigne Loci 12; 1427 magistrum Robertum Burley, ~rum sive custodem collegii vulgariter nuncupati Baylyolhall in suburbio ville Oxon’ Deeds Balliol 152; 1443 pro pensione unius tenementi ~ri et scholarium aule Universitatis Oxonie MunAcOx 535; 1542 magistro Georgio C. ‥ tum temporis ~ro collegii de Balliolo Deeds Balliol 320. 6 master of a religious order: a (Dominican); b (Franciscan); c (Gilbertine). a c1250 visitari meruit a ‥ fratre J., ~ro totius ordinis predicatorum Eccleston Adv. Min. 16.  b ~er generalis fratrum minorum Bower XI 9; ~er generalis fratrum minorum Plusc. VIII 10; frater Johannes de M., doctor theologie, postea ~er palatii, deinde cardinalis Mon. Francisc. I 558.  c beatus Gilbertus, quondam ~er ordinis de Sempingham Canon. G. Sempr. 139v. 7 master of a military order: a  Knight Hospitaller; b Knight Templar. a 1185 (v. hospitalis 7b); 1201 ~er hospitalis presentat fratrem R. B. CurR I 464; 1335 frater J. de W., ~er domus hospitalis S. Johannis Jerusalem in Scotia RScot 386a; 1407 vicegerens ~ri generalis ordinis beatae Marie hospitalis Jherosolimitani Lit. Cant. III 101; et ~er hospitalis insule de Roodes Wals. HA I 301; 1501 magnus ~er Rhodi Cl 361 m. 11d..  b cum ~ro militie Templi W. Newb. HA III 11 p. 243; habebat hic [Matheus] matrem nomine M., germanam domini R. de Hastinges, ~ri militie Templi in Anglia Found. Waltham 27; 1200 ~er Templi CurR I 300; c1200 ~rum militie templi Girardum de Bidesfordia et magistrum hospitalis Rogerum de Molendinis Itin. Ric. I 2; s1312 ~rum Johannem magnum ordinis ‥ procuravit comburi Ad. Mur. Chr. 17. 8 skilled workman, craftsman, master, one who trains apprentices. c1214 a transmarinis partibus deferebantur columpne et bases marmoree cumque plures ‥ †admitterenter [l. admitterentur] ~ri ‥ sumptibus copiosis in operarios inpensis G. Cold. Durh. 7; 1298 in stipendio duorum ~rorum coopertorum ‥ et in stipendiis duorum garcionum eorundem ‥ Rec. Elton 65; 1367 Joh’i Lewyne ~ro cementar’ ‥ lxvj s. viij d. Ac. Durh. 571; 1371 Petrus bercarius de Fonsel’ ‥ insultum fecit Johanne de Paris ‥ ~ro suo SessPLincs I 170; 1373 ~ris facientibus campanam et feretrum ex curialitate, ij s. Ac. Durh. 180; 1410 per quem vero terminum idem J. apprenticius ~ro suo bene et fideliter deserviet FormA 98. 9 one who is qualified to teach, preceptor, instructor, tutor; b (Christ as teacher and master); c (~er gentium or sim.) teacher of the Gentiles, the Apostle Paul; d (joc.). pandere quae poterit gnarus vix ore magister Aldh. Aen. 100 (Creatura) 81; instituit scolam ‥ episcopo ‥ pedagogos ac ~ros ‥ praebente Bede HE III 18 p. 162; sis memor Albini per tempora longa magistri Alcuin Ep. 243 p. 392; nos pueri rogamus te, ~er [AS: eala lareow] ut doceas nos loqui Latialiter recte Ælf. Coll. 89; nemo libens audit suspecti verba magistri J. Sal. Enth. Phil. 1455; ubi accepit discipulum pro ~ro, servum pro Domino Edmund Spec. Relig. 103.  b ut prius angusto tendebat calle magister / sanguine purpureo demens peccamina mundi Aldh. VirgV 1316; dum caelesti ~ro dicerent Bede HE I 31 p. 66; Jesu, ~er ejus, aspice nos Anselm (Or.) III 49; qui solus est ~er in celo, solus potens sola unctione docere J. Ford Serm. 18. 4.  c contra Christi ~rique gentium interdictum Gildas EB 28; ~er gentium Paulus Ib. 97; hic erat egregius doctor mundique magister / barbara convertens doctrinis agmina sacris Aldh. VirgV 501.  d dic, queso, psitacum quis ‘chere’ docuit? / magister stomachus, qui voces tribuit Walt. Wimb. Palpo 127. 10 master (of a profession), expert; b Porphyry; c (~er Sententiarum, sim. or ellipt.), Master of the Sentences, Peter Lombard; d (~er historiarum) Peter Comestor; e master of Jewish law, rabbi. primus ‥ cantandi ~er Nordanhymbrorum ecclesiis Æddi ‥ fuit Bede HE IV 2 p. 205; praeclarus nitido Beda sermone magister Alcuin SS Ebor 744; in arte autem aliqua precipui honorabilesque ~rorum nomine censendi sunt Ps.-Gros. Summa 301; s1237 eclipsis lune ‥ visus est ‥, sicut predixit ~er Walter le P. Chr. Clun. 96; in quadruplicibus ~ri Perrotini Garl. Mus. Mens. app. P 96; boni cantores erant in Anglis ‥ sicut ~er Johannes Filius Dei Mens. & Disc. (Anon. IV) 50.  b unde ~er in Isagogis suis Croyl. 82.  c ut ‥ ait ~er Petrus Lumbardus in Sententiis suis ‥ Gros. Cess. Leg. III 1. 5; hec sunt verba ~ri sententiarum Ockham Dial. 746 l. 60; sicut dicit ~er sententiarum Conway Def. Mend. 1417 (recte 1317) l. 11; 1549 ut ‥ lecture probatorum authorum, ut sunt opera ~ri sententiarum ‥ vacent Conc. Scot. II 105.  d secundum ~rum hystoriarum Ann. Exon. 5v; Petrus Lumbardi, magister sentenciarum ‥, cui contemporaneus fuit Petrus Commestor, ~er historiarum Plusc. VI 17.  e 1272 [prior] eat in capitulo coram ~ris de lege sua et ibi eum implacitet SelPlJews 66; 1275 ~er Elias, filius ~ri Mossei, qui est ~er legis Judaice Ib. 88. 11 master (schol. & acad.); b (w. gen. of faculty); c (w. in). c1133 Roscellino, compendioso ~ro, Theobaldus, Stampensis, ~er Oxenfordie Collect. Ox. II 153; a1231 quod quilibet scolaris habeat ~rum proprium actu regentem StatOx 82; s1238 canonicis dicte Oseneye ~risque Oxonie regentibus Ann. Lond. 35; 1268 ~ris et bachilariis universitatis Oxonie StatOx 25; a1408 quod nullus ~er regens in artibus legat ordinarie ultra binam vicem aliquem librum de veteri logica ‥ StatOx 192.  b ~er artium et decretorum et cancellarius Oxoniae Eccleston Adv. Min. 64; 1342 Clemens VI, monachus ordinis sancti Benedicti, ~er theologie Ad. Mur. Chr. app. 224; 1440 Robertum, montis S. Michaelis ‥ abbatem, arcium ~rum et in decretis licentiatum Bekynton I 16; 1549 omnes ~ri arcium studio theologie destinati intra septem annos post magisterium suum bacchalaurei theologie erunt StatOx 358.  c insuper haud metuit sese vocitare ‘magistrum / artibus in cunctis’ Graiorum more ferali Altercatio 31–2; 1301 Bonifacius episcopus ‥ doctoribus in theologia et ~ris in jure canonico et civili (Lit. Papae) MGL II 159; 1382 Johannes Mercer de Scotia ~er in artibus cum tribus sociis causa studiendi apud Oxon’ RScot 43; 1430 ~ro Johanni Somerseth ~ro in medicina et doctori regis ActPC IV 30; 1461 ~er Johannes F., ~er in sacra pagina Plusc. XI 6; 1569 agitur de gravamine quorundam in artibus ~rorum penultimis comitiis inauguratorum StatOx 398. 12 (as title or form of address, Mr); b (w. ref. to youth); c (eccl. & mon.); d (as surname). c1168 terram ‥ ~ri R. Ferronis Regesta Scot. 9; 1288 ~rum Johannem de H., ~ri Roberti de W. ‥ tunc cancellarii vices gerentem ‥ necnon et ~rum Johannem de la M. procuratorem universitatis, necnon et ~ros alios ac scholares MunAcOx 44; 1291 teste ~ro W. de March’ thesaurario nostro (Breve regis) MGL II 188; ~er Ricardus de Morpath’ ‥ dicti patris commissarius G. Durh. 32; 1498 ~ri Willielmi Warham legum doctoris custodis rotulorum cancellarie Foed. XII 700.  b 1478 cum consensu ‥ Alexandri, ~ri Craufurdie, filii sui et heredis apparentis Scot. Grey Friars II 125.  c vix parcitur ~ro Hugoni de Sancto Victore J. Sal. Met. 833A; 1199 vel ~rum G. clericum CurR I 77; 1199 ~er Rogerus positus loco abbatis de Sancto Albano Ib. 84; archidiaconus Oxoniensis, ~er Walterus Mapus Gir. SD 10; ~rum Benedictum Rofensem episcopum Mir. Wulfst. II 16 p. 174; c1330 ~er Robertus de Wynchelse, Cantuariensis archiepiscopus Trokelowe 67.  d 1199 Robertus ~er CurR I 77. 13 (as adj.) belonging to, coming from or characteristic of the master, magisterial; b belonging to or characteristic of the Lord (Christ); c (eccl.) preeminent, principal. ecclesiae rutilare dedit, quibus igne magistro / sensibus instet amor, sermonibus aestuet ardor Bede CuthbV 6; omnibus es mitis [sc. Theophilactus] sancta pietate magistra Alcuin Carm. 21. 7; omnia ‥ que ~ra caritate fiunt expediunt J. Sal. Ep. 259 (258); monachorum legislator quasi edicto precipit generali ut omnes ~ram regulam sequantur P. Blois Ep. 131. 388B; mancipiis vitam verba ~ra domant Walt. Angl. Fab. app. 56. 2 p. 364.  b ut communi domino in commune bonum ~ra caritate concorditer obsequamur Anselm (Or. 19) III 74.  c 1451 que nostre ecclesie Armachane tocius Hibernie primaciali et ~re inter suffraganeas provincie metropolito jure subdite sunt Reg. Armagh p. 286. 14 (n. as sb.) authoritative (teaching). ars eadem [sc. mathesis] cupidos celi; maris, aeris amplum / metiri spatium multa magistra docet L. Durh. Dial. IV 112.

măgistĕr, (8) trī, m. (mag-nus), ¶ 1 celui qui commande, dirige, conduit ; chef, directeur, etc. : populi Cic. Fin. 3, 75, ancienne appellation du dictateur, cf. Cic. Rep. 1, 63 ; equitum Varro L. 5, 82, maître de cavalerie [adjoint au dictateur] ; morum Cic. Fam. 3, 13, 2, directeur des mœurs, censeur ; sacrorum Liv. 39, 18, 9, chef des sacrifices ; scripturæ ou in scriptura Cic. Att. 5, 15, 3 ; Verr. 2, 2, 169, directeur dʼune société de fermiers [percevant les droits de pâturages] ; societatis Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 182, directeur dʼune société || syndic dans une vente : Cic. Quinct. 50 ; Att. 1, 1, 3 ; 6, 1, 15 || magister navis Liv. 29, 25, 7, commandant de navire ; [pilote : Virg. En. 1, 115 ] ; convivii Varro L. 5, 122, le roi du festin, président du banquet [qui fixait le nombre des coupes à boire] ¶ 2 maître qui enseigne : pueri apud magistros exercentur Cic. de Or. 1, 244, les enfants sʼexercent devant les maîtres, dans les écoles ; artium liberalium, virtutis magistri Cic. Inv. 1, 35 ; Mur. 65, ceux qui enseignent les arts libéraux, la vertu ; dicendi Cic. Br. 30, maître dʼéloquence ; timor, non diuturnus magister officii Cic. Phil. 2, 90, la crainte, maître éphémère du devoir || dux isti et magister ad spoliandum Dianæ templum fuit Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 54, il lui avait servi de guide, de maître pour le pillage du temple de Diane.

➳ orth. magester Quint. 1, 4, 17.

magister , tri. m.
師傅。監督。掌事。— declamandi 數文章之師。— ludi 蒙館先生。— morum 御史。言官。— equitum 馬隊軍師。— scripturae 籍官畜牲。— navis 船主。舵エ。— pecoris 牧童首。 — militiae 元帥。— auctionis 監奉官賣物者。— populi 握王權之官。

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magister trī, m

• 1 MAC-, a master, chief, head, superior, director, president, leader, commander, conductor: populi (dictator), chief of the people: dictatoris magister equitum, master of the horse: equitum cum dictatore magistri, Iu.: (censor) morum, master of morals: sacrorum, chief priest, L.: scripturae, comptrollor of revenues from farmed lands: pro magistro esse, deputy comptrollor: in eā societate, manager: pecus magistri Perfundunt, herdsmen, V.: cui magistri fiunt et domini constituuntur, trustees and guardians.—A captain, master, pilot: navium onerarium magistri, captains, Cs.: navis, H.: magistri navium, L.: spoliata magistro (navis), pilot, V.—A teacher, instructor, master: tuus: pueri apud magistros exercentur: te uti in hac re magistro: peragere dictata magistri, i. e. rules for carving, Iu.: stilus optimus dicendi magister: si usus magister est optimus.— A tutor, guardian, pedagogue: senes me filiis Relinquont quasi magistrum, T.: saevus, H.: Fingit equum docilem magister, trainer, H.—Fig., an adviser, instigator, author: ad eam rem inprobus, T.: ad despoliandum Dianae templum.

MAGISTER

MAGISTERwhich contains the same root as mag-is and mag-nus, was applied at Rome to persons possessing various kinds of offices, and is thus explained by Festus (s. v. Magisterare):--Magisterare, moderari. Unde magistri non solum doctores artium, sed etiam pagorum, societatum, vicorum, collegiorum, equitum dicuntur; quia omnes hi magis ceteris possunt. Paulus (Dig. 50, tit. 16, s. 57) thus defines the word: Quibus praecipua cura rerum incumbit, et qui magis quam ceteri diligentiam et sollicitudinem rebus, quibus praesunt, debent, hi magistri appellantur. The following is a list of the principal magistri:--

MAGISTER ADMISSIONUM. [ADMISSIONALES.]

MAGISTER ARMORUM appears to have been the same officer as the Magister Militum. (Ammian. 16.7, 20.9-Z2.)

MAGISTER AUCTIONIS or BONORUM. [BONORUM EMPTIO.]

MAGISTRI AUGUSTALES or LARUM AUGUSTORUM. [AUGUSTALES.]

MAGISTER BIBENDI. [SYMPOSIUM.]

It should be noticed that these private offices in the imperial household were in the earlier Empire discharged charged by slaves or by freedmen (some of whom, Narcissus and Parthenius, had exceptional official rank); in the later Empire they gradually assumed a higher public standing. Vitellius thus employed men of equestrian rank (Tac. Hist. i. 58), and therefore the statement that Hadrian ab epistulis et a libellis primus equites Romanos habuit (Spart. Hadr. 22) is not correct; but it probably marks the date from which, this became the rule. The three chief departments were a rationibus, a libellis, ab epistolis. (See for a full account, Friedländer, Sittengeschichte, i. pp. 51 ff.)

MAGISTER A CENSIBUS (or praepositus a censibus) was an official who examined the qualifications of persons who applied to be enrolled among the knights. He is sometimes connected with the a libellis, who received the application in the first instance. [EQUITES]

MAGISTER COLLEGII was the president of a collegium or corporation. [COLLEGIUM]

See note in preceding page.

MAGISTER EPISTOLARUM (or AB EPISTOLIS), a private secretary, answered letters on behalt of the emperor. (Orelli, Inscr. 2352.)

MAGISTER EQUITUM. [DICTATOR, Vol. 1. p. 633 b. ]

MAGISTER FANI in coloniae and municipia was appointed each year by the duumviri of the town (one for each temple or shrine), to arrange the ceremonies, sacrificia, pulvinaria, &c. (Lex Col. Genet. 100.128, Orelli, 2218.) They were equivalent to the Roman aedituus, who was also called magister fani. (Marquardt, Staatsverwaltung, 3.215.)

See note in preceding page.

MAGISTER LIBELLORUM (or A LIBELLIS) was an officer or secretary who read and answered petitions addressed to the emperors. [LIBELLUSp. 57 a. ] He is called in an inscription Magister Libellorum et Cognitionum Sacrarum. (Orelli, l. c.)

See note in preceding page.

MAGISTER MEMORIAE, an officer whose duty it was to receive the decision of the emperor on any subject and communicate it to the public or the persons concerned. (Ammian. 15.5, 27.6-Z2.)

MAGISTER MILITUM, the title of the two officers to whom Constantine entrusted the command of all the armies of the Empire. One was placed over the cavalry, and the other over the infantry. On the divisions of the Empire their number was increased, and each of them had both cavalry and infantry under his command. In addition to the title of Magistri militum, we find them called Magistri armorum, equitum et peditum, utriusque militiae(Zosim. 2.33, 4.27; Vales. ad Ammian. 16.7). In the 5th century, there were in the Eastern empire two of these officers at court and three in the provinces; in the Western empire, two at court and one in Gaul. Under Justinian, a new magister militum was appointed for Armenia and Pontus. (Walter, Geschichte des römischen Rechts, § 342, 2nd ed.)

MAGISTER NAVIS. [EXERCITORIA ACTIO.]

See note in preceding page.

MAGISTER OFFICIORUM was an officer of high rank at the imperial court, who had the superintendence of all audiences with the emperor, and also had extensive jurisdiction over both civil and military officers. They originally took part of the duty of the court cubicularius; the other part went to the praefectus sacri cubiculi. [See also ADMISSIO] (Cod. 1, tit. 31; 12, tit. 16;--Cod. Theod. 1, tit. 9; 6, tit. 9;--Ammian. 15.5, 20.2-Z2, 22.3-Z2; Cassiod. Variar. 6.6.)

MAGISTER PAGI. [PAGUS.]

MAGISTER POPULI. [DICTATOR.]

See note in preceding page.

MAGISTER A RATIONIBUS, more usually called procurator, had the charge of the emperor's private expenses [see FISCUS].

See note in preceding page.

MAGISTER SCRINIORUM had the care of all the papers and documents belonging to the emperor. (Cod. 12, tit. 9; Spartian. Ael. Ver. 4; Lamprid. Alex. Sev. 26.)

MAGISTER SOCIETATIS. The equites, who farmed the taxes at Rome, were divided into companies or partnerships; and he who presided in such a company was called Magister Societatis. (Cic. Ver. 2.7. 4, 182; ad Fam. 13.9; pro Plancio, 13, 32.) [SOCIETAS]

MAGISTRI VICORUM. These officials had existed under the Republic, and we have no account of their beginning. Livy (Liv. 34.7) introduces them into a speech of the year 195 B.C. as officials of an inferior class, but allowed to have the magisterial insignia--no doubt at the festivals which were under their charge. The magistri vicorum were, however, entirely re-organised by Augustus in the year B.C. 7, when he divided the city into 14 regions and 265 vici, and assigned 4 magistri vicorum to each vicus (the number may be gathered from inscriptions, C. I. L. 6.445, 975), who were elected annually by the inhabitants of the vicus (Suet. Aug. 30). The first so appointed entered upon their office on August 1, B.C. 7, and accordingly in several inscriptions we find mentioned magistri anni secundi, tertii, &c., equivalent to the years B.C. 6, 5, &c. (C. I. L. 6.764, 282). Those of the year B.C. 7 are magistri qui primi Kal. Aug. magisterium inierunt. The total number of magistri vicorum remained 1060 till the beginning of the 4th century, when it was reduced to 672, and 48 were assigned to each region: the title magistri vicorum was, however, retained. Their functions were partly civil, partly religious. When Augusti appointed them, they had (with servi publici under them) especially to guard against fires. This had been a function of the old magistri vicorum, who accordingly were in charge of the worship of Stata Mater, the protectress against fire (see Fest. p. 317; Preller, Röm. Myth. 531; Mommsen, Staatsrecht, 1.328). They had other duties, as to the limits of which we have not very clear information, regarding the maintenance of order within their district. The duty of watching against fire was in A.D. 6 transferred to the newly constituted cohortes vigilum.

As regards their religious duties (their most characteristic function), they presided over the Compitalia in honour of the Lares Compitales [COMPITALIA], besides the worship of Stata Mater mentioned above, and these offices were continued to the newly constituted magistri vicorum under Augustus, with increased importance when the Genius Augusti was included in the same worship. They had also to superintend the building or repairs of the Sacella of the Lares, as churchwardens, so to speak, of their vicus: but in this they had to obtain the approval of the praetor or of the official over the region who was appointed by lot from the aediles, tribunes, and praetors (see Suet. Aug. 30; Dio Cass.; Mommsen, Staatsrecht, 2.516). In the exercise of their religious office they wore the toga praetexta, and had two lictors assigned to them. (Dio Cass.. c.; Liv. 34.7; Marquardt, Staats-verwaltung, 3.203.)

[W.S] [G.E.M]

Magister

A Latin word very generally applied to any person who has command or authority as the chief over a number of others. The following are the principal officials and others who were styled magistri:

(1) Magister Admissiōnum. See admissio.

(2) Magister Bibendi. See symposium.

(3) Magister a Censĭbus. An official who examined the qualifications of candidates for enrolment among the equites.

(4) Magister Collegii. The presiding officer of a collegium (q. v.).

(5) Magister Epistolārum or ab Epistŏlis. The emperor's private secretary (Orelli, Inscr. 2352).

(6) Magister Equĭtum. The assistant to the Roman dictator appointed by him immediately on taking office and bound to obey him in everything implicitly. In the absence of the dictator he acted as his representative. In battle he commanded the cavalry, as the dictator did the infantry, whence his peculiar title. He was attended by six lictors, and had the sella curulis and the praetexta. See dictator.

(7) Magister Libellōrum or a Libellis. A clerk or secretary who read and replied to petitions (libelli) addressed to the emperor.

(8) Magister Memoriae. An official who made known the emperor's pleasure on any subject (Ammian. Marc. xv. 5).

(9) Magister Milĭtum. The title of two officers under Constantine. They had command of all the imperial forces, one taking charge of the infantry and one of the cavalry. Later, their number was increased and their functions modified (Zosim. ii. 33; iv. 27).

(10) Magister Officiōrum. See admissio.

(11) Magister Pagi. See pagus.

(12) Magister Popŭli. See dictator.

(13) Magister a Rationĭbus, also called procurator. One who had charge of the emperor's private expenses. See fiscus.

(14) Magister Societātis. See societas.

(15) Magister Vicōrum. See vicus.