frenum

frenos dare equo
to give a horse the reins

frēnum, ī, n.; in the pl. sometimes frēnī, ōrum: a bit, 4.135; bridle, reins, 3.542; (fig.), 6.100.

frēnum or fraenum, i, n., and more freq. (cf. Neue, Formenl. 1, 567; and v. infra), plur. heterocl. frēni, ōrum, m., and mostly poet. frēna, ōrum, n. [root dhar-; Sanscr. dhar-ā-mi, hold, support; Gr. θρα-, in θρῆνυς, θρόνος; Lat. frētus], a bridle, curb, bit (syn.: lupi, lupata).

• I Lit.
• • • • • α Plur.: aurei freni, Curt. 4, 13 med.; so nom. freni, id. 7, 10 fin.; cf. under II.; acc. frena, Verg. A. 4, 135; 5, 818; Ov. M. 15, 519; id. Am. 3, 4, 16: non domito frenos ore momordit equus, Tib. 1, 3, 42; so, frenos: equus, equa, quae frenos recipere solet, Cic. Top. 8, 36; Varr. R. R. 2, 7, 12; Verg. G. 3, 184; Liv. 1, 48, 6; Sen. Tranq. 15 fin. al.: moderarier hunc (equum) frenis, Lucr. 5, 1298; so, frenis, id. 5, 1317; Verg. A. 11, 719; 889; 12, 372; Hor. S. 1, 1, 91; Ov. M. 5, 643; Liv. 1, 14 fin.: equum cogere frenos pati, Phaedr. 4, 3, 9: frenos et strata equorum Pelethronium (invenisse), Plin. 7, 56, 57, § 202 et saep.—
        • β Sing.: frenumque (equus) recepit, etc., Hor. Ep. 1, 10, 36: non frenum depulit ore, id. ib. 1, 10, 38.—
      • b Prov.: frenum mordere, to take the bit in one's teeth, i. e. to offer opposition, to resist: si frenum momorderis peream, Brut. ap. Cic. Fam. 11, 23, 2; cf.: sed ut mones, frenum momordi, Cic. ib. 11, 24, 1.—
• II Transf.
• • A Like our terms bridle and curb, i. q. means of guiding or governing, restraint, check, limit.
  • • • • α Plur.: rerum freni, the reins of dominion, Sil. 1, 240: freni sunt injecti vobis, Quirites, nullo modo perpetiendi: alligati et constricti estis amaro vinculo servitutis, Val. Max. 2, 9, 5; cf.: freni domitarum gentium, Curt. 7, 10 fin.: ne Lycurgi quidem disciplina tenuit illos in hominibus Graecis frenos, Cic. Rep. 2, 33: ut Isocratem in acerrimo ingenio Theopompi et lenissimo Ephori dixisse traditum est, alteri se calcaria adhibere, alteri frenos, id. Brut. 56, 204: Mutinam illi exsultanti tamquam frenos furoris injecit, id. Phil. 13, 9, 20: date frenos impotenti naturae et indomito animali, give the reins to, allow full scope to, Liv. 34, 2, 13; so, frenos furentibus ira Laxat, Luc. 7, 125: impone felicitati tuae frenos, put on, Curt. 7, 8 fin.: imperii frena tenere sui, Ov. Tr. 2, 42: frena imperii moderari, id. P. 2, 9, 33: capere, id. ib. 4, 13, 27: frena licentiae inicere, Hor. C. 4, 15, 10: pone irae frena modumque, Pone et avaritiae, Juv. 8, 88: subiit leges et frena momordit Ille solutus amor, i. e. submitted to, Stat. S. 1, 2, 28: quod dicebat Isocrates, se calcaribus in Ephoro, contra autem in Theopompo frenis uti solere, Cic. de Or. 3, 9, 36; Quint. 2, 8, 11; cf. above the passage Cic. Brut. 56, 204: alter, uti dixit Isocrates in Ephoro et Theopompo, frenis eget, alter calcaribus, id. Att. 6, 1, 12: non solum frenis sed etiam jugo accepto, Liv. 37, 36, 5: animum rege: qui nisi paret, Imperat: hunc frenis, hunc tu compesce catenā, Hor. Ep. 1, 2, 63: jam vaga prosiliet frenis natura remotis, id. S. 2, 7, 74.—
        • β Sing.: ni frenum accipere et victi parere fatentur, Verg. A. 12, 568: voluptates tenere sub freno, Sen. Ep. 23 med.—
  • B Poet., horse, steed, charger: eques aptus frenis, Prop. 4 (5), 10, 19: portarumque moras frenis assultat et hastis, Stat. Th. 11, 243.—
  • C In gen.
  • • 1 That which holds things together, a band (post-Aug. and rare): absiliunt pontes tectique trementis Saxea frena labant, etc., the stone bands, ties, Stat. Th. 10, 880.—
    • 2 In anatomy: frenum, the ligament which attaches the inside of the foreskin to the glans, Cels. 7, 25, 2.

frēnum, ī, n., Plur., frēna, ōrum, n., u. frēnī, ōrum, m. (frendo), das Gebiß, der Zaum, der Zügel, I) eig. u. meton.: A) eig.: frenum mulare, Edict. Diocl.: frenum equestre cum salibario (Gebiß) instructum, Edict. Diocl.: aurei freni, Sen.: frena caelata, Apul.: frena remittere, schießen lassen, verhängen, Ov.: ebenso frena dare, Ov.: frenos inhibere, anziehen, Liv. – im Bilde, frena imperii, Zügel (Leitung) der Regierung, Ov.: frenos dare impotenti naturae, die Zügel schießen lassen, Liv.: alci frenos adhibere, zügeln, zurückhalten (Ggstz. calcaria alci adhibere, anspornen), Cic.: u. so temeritati frenos inicere, ignaviae subducere calcar, Sen.: frena addere feroci viro, zügeln, Sil.: irae frena ponere, seinen Zorn zügeln, Iuven.: voluptati frenos imponere, Lact.; u. so neque irato mihi habenas dedi umquam neque cupiditati non imposui frenos, Varro sat. Men. 177: voluptates sub freno tenere, Sen.: libidinibus frena permittere, Lact.: frena liberalitatis laxare, Hieron.: linguae frena relaxare, der Z. freien Lauf lassen, Gregor. M.: frena pudoris rumpere, Prop.: frenum od. frenos mordere, in den Zaum knirschen, seinen Gegnern die Zähne weisen (= sich nicht unterdrücken lassen wollen), Cic. u. Sen.; aber frena mordere, den Zaum annehmen, -sich gefallen lassen, Stat.: frenum accipere (annehmen, sich gefallen lassen), Verg. u. Liv.: u. so frenos recipere, Cic.: freni sunt iniecti vobis, Quirites, nullo modo perpetiendi, Val. Max.: quamdiu sciet ferre frenos, quos si quando abruperit vel aliquo casu discussos reponi sibi passus non erit, Sen. de clem. 1, 4, 2: abrumpet frenos pudicitia, Sen. de ben. 1, 10, 2. – B) meton., frena = gezäumte Rosse, Gespann, Stat. Theb. 11, 244: Phaëthontia, Sil. 10, 540. – II) übtr.: 1) das Band, die Zusammenfügung, tecti trementis saxea frena labant, die Bänder, Fugen, Stat. Theb. 10, 880. – insbes. als mediz. t. t., frenum = das Bändchen, womit die innere Vorhaut an der Eichel haftet, Cels. 7, 25. no. 2. – 2) freni, wie griech. χαλινοί, Quint. 1, 1, 37, als rhet. t. t., sehr hart untereinander zusammenstoßende Buchstaben od. Silben, Mart. Cap. 5. § 514 u. § 518. – ➳In Prosa scheint der Nom. Plur. freni u. Akk. Plur. frenos üblicher gewesen zu sein als frena, s. für den Nom. Sen. ep. 41, 6; de ira 1, 7, 4. Curt. 3, 13 (34), 10; 7, 10 (40), 16. Val. Max. 2, 9, 5 (auch Sil. 1, 240): für den Akk. in eig. Bed. Cic. top. 36. Liv. 1, 48, 6; in bildl. Bed. oft bei Cic., Liv. u.a. Vgl. Neue-Wagener Formenl.³ 1, 815 f. u. Georges Lexik. der lat. Wortf. S. 287.

frenum [CL; pl.~i, ~a] 1 horse’s bridle or harness (incl. reins and bit); b (dist. by form or use); c (as token of sale). comparati jumentis insipientibus strictis ‥ morsibus rationis ~um offirmantes Gildas EB 22; hoc labarum tenens in dextera tua demitte ~um equi Aldh. VirgP 25; facio ex eis [pellibus] ‥ ~os [AS: bridelþþancgas] et falera Ælf. Coll. 97; ~us duo lora solet habere que miles in manu sua debet tenere et sic equum suum regere Simil. Anselmi 193 p. 99; equi feri ‥ ~os mandunt W. Fitzst. Thom. prol. 14; 1340 (v. equiferus b); 1344 commissimus ‥ valletto nostro ‥ custodiam tam omnium pullanorum nostrorum equiciorum nostrorum citra Trentam et ad ~um positorum quam equiciorum nostrorum de Ryseburgh, Henele, et Sippenham Pat 368 m. 10; de uno eorum [clavorum] fecit imperator Constantinus ~um [ME: an bit to his brydyl] equi sui Itin. Mand. 54; 1531 ~e, hedestells, renes Househ. Bk. Durh. 18.  b c1270 (v. 1 aquare a); 1368 (v. aquaticus 5c); 1411 (v. adaquatio); 1415 j ~o monachali cum peytrell Ac. Durh. 225.  c in Breccles xxv acre ‥ et praepositus de Saham vendidit tempore regis Willelmi per unum ~um DB II 110b. 2 (fig.) check, curb, restraint. b control, mastery. nocturnos regimus cursus et frena dierum Aldh. Aen. 79 (Sol et Luna) 8; artioribus se ‥ continentiae ~is astringere (Ceolfrith) Bede HE V 21 p. 343; lingua suos habeat frenos in corde ligatos Alcuin Carm. 62. 26; animosus ‥ dux ‥ plus equo ire ~a relaxans Ord. Vit. III 5 p. 81; Map NC III 2 f. 37v (v. calcar 1e); 1234 (v. dissolutio 4b); ave, virgo, mortis frenum Walt. Wimb. Virgo 123; virgines sine dote nubere statuit, ut ‥ cum nullis ~is docium tenerentur W. Burley Vit. Phil. 64; tetrahith vel tetrahicus, i. herba Judaica, et est ~um pcussis [? πτύσις] Alph. 184; ut rupto ~o discrecionis Mir. Hen. VI I 2 p. 19.  b de manibus tulerat horum quoque frena tributi Alcuin WillV 9. 5.

frēnum, (9) ī, n. , pl. -na, ōrum, n. , et -nī, ōrum, m. , frein, mors : Cic. Top. 36 || [prov.] frenum mordere Cic. Fam. 11, 24, 1, prendre le mors aux dents ; mais frena momordit Stat. S. 1, 2, 28, il se soumit [il rongea son frein] ; frenos adhibere alicui Cic. Br. 204, employer le frein pour qqn || [fig.] : date frenos Liv. 34, 2, 13, lâchez les rênes, la bride ; frena injicere, ponere Hor. O. 4, 15, 10 ; Juv. 8, 88, mettre un frein ; frenis egere Cic. Att. 6, 1, 12, avoir besoin du frein || [poét.] chevaux, attelage : Stat. Th. 11, 243 || lien, attache : Stat. Th. 10, 880.

frenum . v. fraenum.


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frēnum (frae-) ī, n plur.frēnī, ōrum, m, or frēna, ōrum, n

• 3 FER-, a bridle, curb, bit: frenumque (equus) recepit, H.: non frenum depulit ore, H.—Prov.: frenum mordere, take the bit in one's teeth, i.e. resist.—Plur.: sonipes frena mandit, V.: frenos audire, V.: inhibuit frenos, L.: asellum docere currere frenis, H.: frenos pati, Ph.: ea frena furenti (Sibyllae) Concutit Apollo, V.—Fig., a bridle, curb, means of governing, restraint, check, limit: Ni frenum accipere et victi parere fatentur, V.: furoris: date frenos naturae, give the reins to, L.: pinus, cui victa remisit Frena rector, the helm, O.: frena licentiae Inicere, H.: calcaribus in Ephoro, in Theopompo frenis uti: prosiliet frenis natura remotis, H.

FRENUM

FRENUM(χαλινός), a bridle, including the bit, headstall, and reins. It was properly the bit as distinct from the reins (ἡνίαι); but in Xenophon (de Re Eq. 6.7), where he is instructing the groom in the mode of putting it on, χαλινὸς is the whole bridle, the several parts of it the ἡνίαι, στόμιον, and head-piece (κορυφαία). So, in Latin, frena in the plural is used for the whole bridle. The invention was mythically ascribed to Athena, who gave it to Bellerophon as the means of subduing Pegasus (Pind. O. 13.85ff.). The annexed woodcut, from an antique, represents the winged horse submitting to receive it as he slaked his thirst at the fountain of Peirene. In reference to this event, Athena was worshipped at Corinth under the titles Ἱππία and Χαλινῖτις (Paus. 2.4, § § 1, 5). The several parts of the bridle, more especially the bit, are engraved from ancient authorities in the treatises of Invernizi (de Frenis), Ginzrot (Ueber Wagen und Fahrowerke), and Bracy Clark (Chalinology, Lond. 1835). Illustrations have been already given under AMPYX, CARPENTUM, CLITELLAE, CURRUS, and EPHIPPIA; to these we add a beautiful specimen from the Castellani Collection in the British Museum. This is of bronze, and was found in Southern Italy; it is believed to date from pre-historic times, and shows the high antiquity of the ornamental bridles described below [cf. CATENA].

The bit (στόμιον, Xen. l. c., Aesch. Prom. 1009; rarely δῆγμα, Brunck, Anal. 2.237 = Anth. Pal. 6.233: in Latin frenum is the only word in use, but oreae is quoted from Titinius, ap. Fest. s. v.) was commonly made of several pieces, and flexible, so as not to hurt the horse's mouth; for the Greeks considered a kind and gentle treatment the best discipline, although, when the horse was intractable, they taught it submission by means of a curb armed with sharp points. Xenophon recommends the use of two bits, a snaffle (λεῖος χαλινός) and a curb (ὁ ἕτερος), the latter with sharp prickles (ἐχῖνοι, op. cit. 10.6). From the resemblance to wolves' teeth, a bit of this kind was called lupatum in Latin (Verg. G. 3.208; Hor. Carm. 1.8, 7; Ov. Amor. 1.2, 15). The bit was held in its place by a strap (ὑποχαλινιδία, sc. ἡνία), or a curb-chain (ψάλιον, Aristoph. Pax, 155); a halter or thong, distinct from the reins, was sometimes fastened to this chain or strap by means of a ring, and was used to lead the horse (ῥυταγωγεύς: all three words in Xen. 7.1). The upper part of the bridle, by which it was fastened behind the ears, is called by Xenophon κορυφαία (3.2; 6.7), and it included the AMPYXwhich was often ornamental. The cheek-pieces (παρήϊον, Hom. Il. 4.142; παραγναθίδιον, Eustath. ad . loc.), which joined this headstall to the bit, were also in some cases richly adorned, especially among the nations of Asia; in the passage of Homer the material is stained ivory. The bit, which, though commonly of bronze or iron, was sometimes silver or gold (χρυσοχαλίνων πάταγον ψαλίων, Aristoph. l. c.; fulvum mandunt sub dentibus aurum, Verg. A. 7.279). These precious metals were also either embossed (frena caelata, Apul. de Deo Socr. p. 54 Elm. = 173 Oud.), or set with jewels (gemmata monilia, on the horse of Honorius, Claud. Epigr. 18, 9 = 23, 9).

Not only was the bridle dispensed with in the management of creatures invented by the imagination of the poet (Aesch. Prom. 287), but of some which were actually trained by man to go without it. Thus the Numidian DESULTORguided his two horses by the whip, and the Gallic ESSEDARIUS, on the banks of the Rhone, directed and animated his mules entirely by the voice (frenorumque vicem lingua virilis agit, Claud. Epigr. 1, 10).

[J.Y] [W.W]

Frenum

(χαλινός). A horse's bridle, comprising, as with us, the bit (στόμιον) and reins as well as the head-stall. Xenophon, in his treatise De Re Eq. (vi. 7), describes the curb-bit as having sharp prickles. See illustration on opposite page.