impetus

impĕtus (inp-), ūs (dat. impetu, Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 24, 3; no gen. plur.; abl. impetibus, Lucr. 1, 293; v. also impes), m. [impeto], an attack, assault, onset (freq. and class.; in sing. and plur. equally common).

• I Lit.
• • A In gen.: incursio atque impetus armatorum, Cic. Caecin. 15, 44: gladiis destrictis in eos impetum fecerunt, Caes. B. G. 1, 25, 2: impetum facere in aliquem, id. ib. 1, 46 fin.; Hirt. B. G. 8, 18, 4: in agros, Liv. 1, 5, 4: ad regem, id. 1, 5, 7; cf.: in hostes, Caes. B. G. 1, 22, 3: dare impetum in aliquem, Liv. 4, 28, 1; 2, 19, 7: capere impetum in aliquem, Plin. 9, 30, 48, § 91: hostes impetu facto celeriter nostros perturbaverunt, Caes. B. G. 4, 12, 1: oppidum magno impetu oppugnare, id. ib. 2, 6: primo hostium impetu pulsi, id. ib. 2, 24, 1: impetus gladiorum excipere, id. ib. 1, 52, 4: impetum sustinere, id. ib. 3, 2, 4: ferre impetum, id. ib. 3, 19, 3: fracto impetu levissimi hominis, Cic. Fam. 1, 5, b, 2: impetum propulsare, id. Mur. 1, 2: nec primum quidem impetum, nec secundum, nec tertium, sustinere potuerunt, Flor. 3, 3, 4; Liv. 33, 36, 11: uno impetu, Curt. 8, 14, 18; Lact. 3, 26, 10; 5, 4, 1: coërcere, Plin. 17, 22, 35, § 180: aquarum domare, id. 31, 6, 31, § 58: nec tantum (cupiditates) in alios caeco impetu incurrunt, etc., Cic. Fin. 1, 13, 44.— Poet.: biformato impetu Centaurus, with double-shaped attack, Cic. poët. Tusc. 2, 8fin.; v. biformatus.—
  • B In partic.
  • • 1 In medic. lang., an attack of a disease, a fit, paroxysm: febris, Cels. 2, 15: pituitae, Plin. 28, 12, 50, § 183: coeliacorum, id. 20, 14, 53, § 148: oculorum, i. e. inflammation, id. 20, 3, 8, § 16: thymum e vino tumores et impetus tollit, id. 21, 21, 89, § 157; so absol., id. 22, 25, 58, § 122. —
    • 2 In mechanics, the pressure of a load, Vitr. 6, 3.—
• II Transf., in gen. (without reference to an object), violent impulse, violent or rapid motion, impetus, impetuosity, violence, fury, vehemence, vigor, force.
• • A Physical: labitur uncta carina, volat super impetus undas, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 1 (Ann. v. 379 Vahl.): in magno impetu maris atque aperto, Caes. B. G. 3, 8, 1: Hebri, Phaedr. 3, prol. 59: impetus caeli, i.e. rapid motion, Cic. N. D. 2, 38, 97; Lucr. 5, 200. — Hence also poet.: quieti corpus nocturno impetu Dedi, in the nocturnal revolution, i.e. in the night, Att. ap. Cic. Div. 1, 22, 44: impetus ipse animaï Et fera vis venti, Lucr. 6, 591; cf.: tantos impetus ventorum sustinere, Caes. B. G. 3, 13, 6.—
  • B Mental, impulse, vehemence, ardor, passion, etc.
  • • • • α Sing.: repentino quodam impetu animi incitatus, internal pressure, impulse, Cic. Off. 1, 15, 49; cf.: ut tota mente omnique animi impetu in rem publicam incumbas, id. Fam. 10, 5, 2; id. Att. 11, 5, 1: impetu magis quam consilio, Liv. 42, 29, 11: aliter in oratione nec impetus ullus nec vis esse potest, Cic. Or. 68, 229; cf.: ad omnem impetum dicendi, id. Deiot. 2, 5: actiones quae recitantur impetum omnem caloremque perdunt, Plin. Ep. 2, 19, 2: resumere impetum fractum omissumque, id. ib. 7, 9, 6: adulescens impetus ad bella maximi, Vell. 2, 55, 2: est prudentis, sustinere ut currum sic impetum benevolentiae, Cic. Lael. 17, 63: divinus impetus, id. Div. 1, 49, 111: si ex hoc impetu rerum nihil prolatando remittitur, Liv. 37, 19, 5: donec impetus famae et favor exercitus languesceret, Tac. Agr. 39 fin.: est mihi per saevas impetus ire feras, I feel an impulse, Ov. H. 4, 38: Bessus occidendi protinus regis impetum ceperat, had formed a sudden purpose, Curt. 5, 12, 1: statim moriendi impetum cepit, Suet. Oth. 9.— Prov.: Da spatium tenuemque moram, male cuncta ministrat impetus, haste makes waste, Stat. Th. 10, 704 sq.—
        • β Plur.: animalia, quae habent suos impetus et rerum appetitus, impulses, instincts, Cic. Off. 2, 3, 11: an fortitudo, nisi insanire coeperit, impetus suos non habebit? id. Tusc. 4, 22, 50: temperantia est rationis in libidinem atque in alios non rectos impetus animi firma et moderata dominatio, id. Inv. 2, 54, 164: insanos atque indomitos impetus vulgi cohibere, id. Rep. 1, 5.

impetus, ūs, m. (impeto), das Vorwärtsdrängen, die vorwärts drängende od. -schießende Bewegung, I) im allg.: 1) eig.: animalia quaedam impetum habent, incedunt, transeunt, können sich frei vorwärts-, fortbewegen, Sen.: cursum habent quaedam (signa, Statuen) et impetum (haben eine laufende u. vorwärtsstrebende Stellung), sedent alia vel incumbunt, Quint. – 2) übtr.: a) der rasche Lauf eines Fahrzeuges, der Schuß, natantis impetus trabis, Catull.: quinqueremis praelata impetu, im Schusse vorbeifahrend, vorbeischießend, Liv. – b) der Umschwung eines Himmelskörpers, ingens caeli imp., Lucr.: impetum caeli admirabili cum celeritate moveri, Cic.: poet., quieti corpus nocturno impetu dedi, im Umschwung der Nacht, Acc. fr. – c) der Druck einer Last nach unten, die Schwere, magnum impetum habere, Vitr.: gravescit impetus, Lucr.

II) insbes., das Ansetzen, der Anlauf, Aufschwung, A) eig.: 1) v. leb. Wesen: a) übh.: tum rursus impetu capto (angesetzt, ausgeholt) enituntur, Liv.: abiectis armis ultimas oppidi partes continenti impetu (in ununterbrochenem Anlaufe od. Laufe) petere, Caes.: uno impetu (in einem Zuge, auf einen Ansatz) epotare, Plin. – b) = ὁρμή, der feindliche Anlauf, das Andrängen, Anrennen, Anprallen, der Angriff, Anfall, Überfall, auf eine Person usw., multitudo terrebat eum clamore, voltu, saepe impetu, Sall.: ut eorum iratos animos atque horribiles impetus deprecetur, Cic.: in Pompeium impetum facere, den P. anfallen, Cic.: in bona alcis, in alcis bona fortunasque, in reliquas omnes fortunas impetum facere, herfallen über usw. (= gewaltsam in Beschlag nehmen), Cic.: fit impetus in alqm, Cic.: impetum alcis comprimere (zurückschlagen), Cic.: impetum morari, Curt. – als milit. t. t., ad primum impetum, Liv.: primo impetu pulsi, Caes.: cum primus secundusque impetus retudisset inferentem se ferociter hostem, Liv.: impetum facere in alqm, Caes. u.a., in agros, Liv.: impetum dare (machen), Liv.: impetum dare in alqm, in agrum Romanum, Liv.: impetum sustinere, ferre, Caes.: nec primum impetum barbarorum Silanus, nec secundum Manlius, nec tertium Caepio sustinere potuerunt, Flor.: impetum militum supprimere (Einhalt tun), Liv.: ubi in omnes partes nequiquam impetus capti, jeder Anlauf fehlschlug, Liv.: magna subsidia habet res publica expedita, quibus subito impetu (Dat.) ac latrocinio parricidarum resistat, Planc. in Cic. ep. 10, 24, 3. – 2) v. Lebl. = a) der gewaltige Andrang, die Gewalt, der Ungestüm, v. Flüssen, fluminis, Curt.: adversi fluminis (Ggstz. tranquillitas), Liv.: magno impetu erumpentes fluvii, Sen.; vgl. Burmann Phaedr. 3. prol. 59. – v. Meere, in magno impetu maris atque aperto, Caes. – v. Winden, tantos impetus ventorum (Stürme) sustineri, Caes. – v. Feuer, impetus ignis, die Gewalt des F., Lucr. – b) als mediz. t. t., impetus febris, der Paroxysmus, Cels.: podagrae, Anfall des P., Plin.: sanguinis, Blutsturz, Aur. Vict. – pituitae in facie, feuchter Ausschlag, Plin.: oculorum, entzündlicher Augenfluß, Plin.

B) übtr.: 1) v. Pers.: a) der Schwung des Geistes, der Aufschwung, velut repetito spatio sumere impetum, Plin. ep.: resumere impetum fractum omissumque, Plin. ep.: ut aliter in ea (oratione) nec impetus (Schwung) ullus nec vis esse possit, Cic. – impetus divinus, göttliche Eingebung, Begeisterung, Enthusiasmus, Cic.: u. so impetus sacer, Ov.: u. calorem et impetum sequentes, Quint. – b) (wie ὁρμή), der Drang, Trieb, α) das drängende Verlangen, die Neigung, animi, Cic.: dicendi, Cic.: imperii delendi, Cic.: impetu rapi ad omnes affectus, Curt.: impetus est m. folg. Infin., ich habe Neigung, -Lust, trage Verlangen zu usw., Ov. u.a. Dichter (vgl. Ruhnken Ov. her. 4, 38). – β) der rasche Entschluß (Plan), impetum capere alcis rei, den raschen E. (Pl.), schnell den E. (Pl.) fassen zu usw., den kühnen Gedanken haben zu usw., occidendi regis, Curt., in scaena canentem Neronem aggrediendi, Tac., moriendi, Suet., expeditionis Germanicae, Suet. Vgl. Mützell Curt. 5, 12 (32), 1. – c) die Aufwallung des Gemütes, ut laetus primo gaudentium impetu fuerat, in der ersten Aufw. der Freude, im ersten Freudentaumel, Tac.: animus revolvens iras, etiam si impetus offensionis languerat, selbst wenn die Aufw. des gekränkten Gemütes vorüber war, Tac.: Plur., impetus acres, Tac.: impetus antiqui, altbiedere Aufwallungen, Tac. – d) der Ungestüm im Reden u. Handeln, C. Gracchi, Tac. dial.: multitudinis, der U., die Wut des Pöbels, Iustin.: impetu magis, quam consilio, Liv.: impetu potius bella quam perseverantiā gerere, Tac. – 2) v. Abstr., der Drang, Ungestüm, Sturm, tantus impetus cursusque rerum (der Ereignisse), Curt.: non minor impetus fortunae, Iustin.: tanti belli impetus, ein so gewaltiger Kriegssturm, Cic. – ➳ Dat. Sing. impetu, Planc. in Cic. ep. 10, 24, 3 (s. oben no. II, A, 1, b); Dat. u. Abl. Plur. impetibus bis jetzt ohne Beleg, wenn man impetibus Lucr. 1, 293 als Abl. Plur. von impes u. nicht von impetus ansieht. Vgl. impes.

impetus [CL] 1 forward rush, onrush; b (of abstr.); c (of natural force); d (spec. of river) current, stream. e (cum ~u) at a rush, headlong. septenis caelorum orbibus pernici volventis sperae ~u per praeceps vergentibus Aldh. Met. 3 p. 72; dum fervens equus quoddam itineris concavum valentiore ~u transiliret, lapsus decidi Bede HE V 6 p. 290; sic primum remo puppis strepit, inde volantem / remis ablatis impetus ipse tulit L. Durh. Dial. III 128; calidi humores ‥ ~u spirituum ad extremitates membrorum transferuntur Quaest. Salern. Ba 93.  b ex ~u sue collisionis [nubes] faciunt sonitum qui tonitrus dicitur Quaest. Salern. C 6; magis aer subtiliabatur et sic motionis ~u propellebatur ad exteriora Ib. N 6; excusat eciam summoniti absenciam ‥ majoris rei inpetus [ed. 1647: †inpeditus] cui resisti non poterit Fleta 381 (cf. Bracton 337: ~us); ex ~u casus NLA II 634 (v. elidere 1a).  c utrumque [latus] autem erat animabus hominum plenum, quae huc inde videbantur quasi tempestatis ~u jactari Bede HE V 12 p. 305; 1166 nec hoc dixerim tanquam inundantis procelle subactus ~u, cum, philosophia docente, didicerim quod, sicut ‘male cuncta ministrat impetus’ [Statius Theb. X 704–5] ita vigor ejus diuturnus esse non potest J. Sal. Ep. 161 (159); propter ~um aquarum Alb. Lond. DG 5. 7; contra maris ~um Bart. Angl. XV 143; 1268 ~u venti (v. 2 cablicium); 1507 ad propellandum ~um pluvie (v. defensorius 2d).  d contra ~um fluvii decurrentis Bede HE V 8 p. 300; ad flumen quod juxta decurrit enormi ~u Byrht. V. Ecgwini 342; a medio ~u ipsius fluminis Ric. Hex. Hist. Hex. II 4; propter inpedimentum inpetus fluminum Fleta 382 (cf. Bracton 337: propter vim fluminum).  e flammivomus serpens divina virtute prostratus ‥ a sublimi aere cum maximo ~u in amnem decidit R. Niger Chr. II 173; humiditate partium congelata adeo ut, si in aqua ponantur calida ‥, congelata cito et cum ~u solvitur et consumitur pars a parte Quaest. Salern. N 29; cum igitur sanguis cum spiritu ab interioribus ad exteriora prorumpat cum ~u Ib. P 107; s1250 venit cum magno ~u, pompa et apparatu ad Roffensem prioratum ubi extorsit ‥ plus quam xxx marcas M. Par. Maj. V 120; portum ‥ cum ~u dereliquid V. Ric. II 76 (v. dissolvere 3c). 2 hostile movement, onslaught, attack; b (of demons, prob. w. ref. to Satan as the old enemy). c (~um facere) to attack, assault. d (primo ~u) at the first onset. e (uno ~u, also fig.) at one blow, at one fell swoop. f (pregn.) attacking force, army. ultionis ‥ ignis ‥ finitimas quasque civitates agrosque populans non quievit accensus . ‥ in hoc ergo ~u ‥ Gildas EB 24; ob arcendos barbarorum ~us Bede HE III 2 p. 129; s1066 postquam diu certatum est, Angli, Norreganorum ~um non sufferentes, ‥ terga dedere Fl. Worc. I 226; velociter armati laxatis habenis advolarunt, ‥ repentino ~u lassatos gentiles percusserunt Ord. Vit. XIII 8 p. 17; sub ‥ Trajano tertius ~us persequutionis ebullivit R. Niger Chr. I 24; s1242 (v. impetere 2a).  b 716 contra ~um daemoniorum (v. daemonium 1a); demoniace invasionis ~us R. Cold. Cuthb. 17 (v. effugium b); Obs. Barnwell 232 (v. exterror).  c evaginata sub veste sica ~um fecit in regem Bede HE II 9 p. 99; G. Mon. X 9 (v. ignescere 1a); nihil ibi erat quod posset capi vel tangi, quin omnes imagines prosiliebant et ~um in raptorem faciebant R. Niger Chr. II 155; sanguis trumbosus est in causa et condensatus, qui casualiter per totum corpus delatus, prout patet sibi via, ~um facit et facit membrum insensibile Quaest. Salern. Ba 91; s1249 Bononienses premuniti, paratis occultis insidiis, subitum ~um fecerunt in ipsum M. Par. Maj. V 78; s1257 Walenses, facto ~u gravi in quendam exercitum domini regis, multos ex Anglis ‥ trucidarunt Oxnead Chr. 211.  d pro ultione militum quos primo devoravit ~u eum acutis cuncti Romani circumdederunt jaculis Lib. Monstr. III 9; duos ‥ primo ~u parvulos ‥ venenosis diripuerunt morsibus Ib. 10; accipitres et nisi ‥ promptiori quadam velocitate predas persequuntur et in primo fere ~u vel fraudantur vel fruuntur optatis Gir. TH I 12 p. 37; post extrema Ludovici tres filii ejus pro regno fratris Pepini decertavere. ‥ Lotharius primo ~u victor, post a W. Tholosano fugatus, ductus penitentia monasterio se contulit R. Niger Chr. II 151; s1174 [H. Bigod] nobilem civitatem Norwic’ primo ~u expugnavit Ib. 176.  e Gosc. Mir. Iv. lxxxiii (v. iconia 2a); s1091 Croyl. 97 (v. deambulatorium 2a).  f agmine, itenere vel ~u vel ordine GlC A 398; s893 Æðelm ‥ Æðelnoð duce una Anglorum cum occidentali insequitur exercitu; post adest quorum rex Eðered Myrciorum, substans cum impetu magno Æthelw. IV 3 p. 50; ascendit cum suis e navibus dirigens aciem contra Anglorum inpetum, qui tunc in loco Scorastan dicto fuerat congregatus Enc. Emmae II 6. 3 (transf.) attack, blow, violence; b (of emotion). erat autem eo loci, ubi flammarum ~us maxime incumbebat, martyrium beatorum iiij coronatorum Bede HE II 7 p. 94; adversitatum ~us Gosc. Transl. Mild. 9 (v. impendium 2); tarde igitur [turtur] ad coitum movetur, sed solum in tempore congruo et cum ~us caloris et nature sue ei suggessit Quaest. Salern. B 292; ut adversus omnes fortune ~us essent muniti Alb. Lond. DG 9. 12.  b ~u levitatis Pull. Sent. 780C (v. eminere 3a); 1166 ut eductas doloris ~u et extortas verberibus lacrimas redire faciant in sinum oculorum J. Sal. Ep. 193 (187 p. 230); toto malignitatis ~u R. Cold. Godr. 51 (v. debacchari c); ire ~u H. Bos. Thom. IV 13 (v. exsufflare 1d); amoris ~us J. Godard Ep. 220 (v. illibratus). 4 vigorous effort or action (in quots., w. ref. to production of voice). audiri autem potest vox, interposito pariete, quamvis minus clare, quia vox cum quodam ~u effertur, cum est percussio unde potest venire ad instrumentum auditus Quaest. Salern. B 272; vox fit magna secundum ~um emittendi [sc. aera] Ib. N 32; inpetu Ps.-Gros. Gram. 31 (v. depressio 2). 5 violent mental impulse, urge, or sim.. b impulsiveness, headstrongness, hastiness (esp. as characteristic of youth). c (in ~u) impulsively, in the heat of the moment. s1096 cum Robertus comes Normannorum Jerosolimam eundi ‥ ~um cepisset W. Malm. GR IV 318; nec prerupta montium latera nec eree turres ‥ nunc arduos et sublimes, nunc subterraneos, animosi pectoris ~us prevalent impedire Gir. TH III 1 p. 196; effrenes quorundam ~us ‥ corrigit Id. PI I 10 (v. demembratio a); 1459 (v. impetuosus 3a).  b juvenilis aetatis ~um non refrenans Abbo Edm. 16; s1094 erroneum ~um juventutis abolevit penitentia Fl. Worc. II 33; ne per etatem maturiorem aboleret errores licencia potestatis et ~u juvenili contractos W. Malm. GR IV 305; c1213 juvenilis etatis ~u et inconsulto calore Gir. Ep. 7 p. 254.  c in ~u, non prehabita deliberacione, intrare pueros faciunt Peckham Puer. Obl. 431.

impĕtŭs, (6) ūs, m. (impes), mouvement en avant, poussée en avant, ¶ 1 a) faculté de se porter en avant : (animalia) quædam impetum habent Sen. Ep. 58, 14, certains (êtres animés) ont la faculté de se porter en avant ; b) mouvement de rotation apparent du ciel : quantum cæli tegit impetus ingens Lucr. 5, 200, toute lʼétendue que recouvre lʼimmense parcours du ciel ; cum impetum cæli cum admirabili celeritate moveri vertique videamus Cic. Nat. 2, 97, du moment que nous voyons le ciel lancé dans sa course circulaire avec une prodigieuse vitesse || poussée, pression : Vitr. Arch. 6, 3 ¶ 2 élan : impetu capto Liv. 2, 65, 6, ayant pris leur élan, cf. Liv. 8, 30, 6 ; 10, 5, 6 ; continenti impetu Cæs. G. 7, 28, 2, dʼun même élan, tout dʼun trait ¶ 3 charge, assaut, attaque : impetum in aliquem facere Cæs. G. 1, 25, 2, etc. ; dare Liv. 4, 28, 1, etc., faire une charge contre qqn ; impetum sustinere, ferre Cæs. G. 3, 2, 4 ; 3, 19, 3, soutenir, supporter le choc, la charge ; propulsare Cic. Mur. 2, repousser une attaque || impétuosité, violence : [de la mer] Cæs. G. 3, 8, 1 ; [des vents] Cæs. G. 3, 13, 6 || [médec.] attaque, accès [de fièvre, de rhume, etc.] : Cels. Med. 2, 15 ; Plin. 28, 183 ; oculorum Plin. 20, 16, inflammation des yeux ¶ 4 [fig.] élan, mouvement dʼimpulsion : in oratione Cic. Or. 229, le mouvement dans le style ; divinus impetus Cic. Div. 1, 111, élan divin, inspiration divine ; animi Cic. Off. 1, 49, impulsion intérieure ; fortitudo impetus suos habet Cic. Tusc. 4, 50, le courage a ses élans, ses mouvements impétueux || impétuosité, fougue : impetus dicendi Cic. Dej. 3, impétuosité (feu) de lʼéloquence ; omni animi impetu in rem publicam incumbere Cic. Fam. 10, 5, 2, se donner au service de lʼÉtat avec toute la fougue de son âme || violent désir : occidendi regis impetum capere Curt. 5, 12, 1, concevoir un violent désir de tuer le roi, cf. Suet. Oth. 9 || pl., mouvements instinctifs, instincts : indomitos impetus vulgi cohibere Cic. Rep. 1, 9, maîtriser les mouvements impulsifs de la foule ; animalia quæ habent suos impetus Cic. Off. 2, 11, les animaux qui ont leurs instincts, cf. Cic. Inv. 2, 164.

➳ dat. sing. impetu Planc. d. Cic. Fam. 10, 24, 3.

impetus , us. m.
攻擊。疾來。强。重。Impetum sumere 退以復攻。Uno impetu —下。— 次。 Impetum sustinere 拒戰。

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impetus (inp-) ūs, m

• 1 in+PET-, an attack, assault, onset: armatorum: impetum facere in curiam, S.: ad regem, L.: hostes impetu facto nostros perturbaverunt, Cs.: impetum sustinere, Cs.: terrere eum impetu, S.: me in hos impetūs obicere: continenti impetu, without a pause, Cs.—An impulse, rapid motion, impetus, impetuosity, violence, fury, rush, vehemence, vigor, force: eo impetu milites ierunt, ut, etc., Cs.: fugati terrore ipso impetuque hostium, Cs.: caeli, i. e. rapid motion: illam (navem) fert impetus ipse volantem, V.: quieti corpus nocturno impetu Dedi, i. e. in the night, Att. ap. C.: tantos impetūs ventorum sustinere, Cs.— Fig., impulse, vehemence, ardor, passion: repentino quodam impetu animi incitatus: impetu magis quam consilio, L.: in oratione: divinus: si ex hoc impetu rerum nihil prolatando remittitur, L.: famae, Ta.: Est mihi impetus ire, I feel an impulse, O.: imperii delendi: animalia, quae habent suos impetūs, impulses: non recti impetūs animi: offensionis, i. e. freshness, Ta.