iudex

sanctissimus ac iustissimus iudex
a most holy and most just judge

iūdex, icis, c.: a judge, 6.431, et al. (iūs and rt. dic, say)

jūdex, ĭcis, com. (f.: et sumus, ut fateor, tam saevā judice sontes, Luc. 10, 368; cf. 227; Ov. M. 2, 428; 8, 24; Cic. Ac. 2, 28, 91; Petr. poët. 122, v. 174 al.) [jus-, 2. dico], a judge (class.).

• I Lit.: judex, quod judicat acceptā potestate, Varr. L. L. 6, § 61 Müll.: verissimus judex, Cic. Rosc. Am. 30, 84: nequam et levis, id. Verr. 2, 2, 12, § 30: sanctissimus et justissimus plurimarum rerum, id. Planc. 13, 32: severissimi atque integerrimi, id. Verr. 1, 10, 30: apud judices causam agere, id. de Or. 2, 48, 199: habere aliquem judicem de re quapiam, id. Caecin. 17, 48: sedere judicem in aliquem, id. Clu. 38, 105: esse judicem de re pecuniaria, id. ib. 43, 120: aequum se judicem rei alicui praebere, id. Fam. 5, 2, 10: judici litem committere, Petr. 80: judicem ferre alicui, to offer or propose a judge to any one, which was done by the plaintiff: ni ita esset, multi privatim ferebant Volscio judicem, Liv. 3, 24: cum ei M. Flaccus, multis probris objectis, P. Mucium judicem tulisset, Cic. de Or. 2, 70, 285: judicem dicere, to name a judge, which was done by a defendant who was willing to submit the cause to a trial, Liv. 3, 56: dare judicem, to grant a judge, this was done by the praetor, who proposed the judges from whom the parties made their selection, Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 12, § 30; Plin. Ep. 2, 11, 5; Dig. 4, 4, 18: judices petere, to solicit judges, i. e. to ask that the cause be tried, not before the Senate, but before the ordinary judges, Plin. Ep. 2, 11, 2.—Sometimes judex stands for consul: omnes Quirites, ite ad conventionem huc ad judices, Varr. L. L. 6, § 88 Müll.—
• II Trop., a judge, decider, umpire in any matter: cape, opsecro hercle, una cum eo judicem, Plaut. Most. 3, 1, 30 (561), Lorenz ad loc.: aequissimus eorum studiorum existimator et judex, Cic. Fin. 3, 2, 6: non ego Daphnim Judice te metuam, Verg. E. 2, 27; cf.: judice me, in my judgment, Juv. 8, 188: se judice, id. 13, 3: judice te non sordidus auctor, Hor. C. 1, 28, 14: grammatici certant et adhuc sub judice lis est, id. A. P. 78: bonus atque fidus, id. C. 4, 9, 41: sermonum candide, id. Ep. 1, 4, 1: judex morum, i. e. a censor, Juv. 4, 12.

iūdex, icis, m. (ius dicere = iudicare, s. Varro LL. 6, 61), der Richter, I) in gerichtlichen Streitsachen, jeder Richter, der über etwas nach Recht ein Urteil spricht (vgl. arbiter, centumvir, recuperator), iudex integer quietusque, Cic.: iudex nequam et levis, Cic.: fur (diebischer) iudex, Iuven. u. Treb. Poll.: iudices severi, clementes, Sen. rhet.: iudex rectissimus, Plin. ep.: adversus impios rectissimus iudex, Lact.: iurati iudices, Cic.: inferni iudices, Richter in der Unterwelt, Augustin.: selecti iudices, die vom Prätor (aus der Liste der wahlfähigen Bürger) gewählten Richter, Cic.: iudices privati, die über Mein und Dein und andere Vorfälle des gewöhnlichen Lebens Recht sprachen (v. Prätor u. später von den Kaisern ernannt), Suet. u. a: iudex morum, v. Zensor, Iuven. 4, 12: iudices vitae necisque (über L. und T.), Iustin.: iudex quaestionis, der vom Prätor gewählte u. oft dessen Stelle als Vorsitzender des Gerichtes vertretende erste Richter des Geschworenengerichts, Cic. – iudicem petere, seinen ordentlichen Richter verlangen, Plin. ep.: iudicem dare, einen R. geben od. aufstellen (bes. v. Prätor, Senat), Cic.: dare iudices, Curt.: alci iudicem dare, Pacat.: alci od. criminibus iudices dare, Plin. ep.: inter eos iudicem dari, Plaut.: iudicem dare de (aus) sua cohorte, Cic.: dare senatum iudicem (als R.), Capit.: iudicem alci ferre, jmdm. einen R. vorschlagen (= jmd. vor Gericht laden), v. Kläger, Cic. u. Liv.: iudicem dicere, einen Richter angeben, sagen, wen man zum R. haben will (v. Beklagten), Liv.: alqm iudicem addicere, jmd. als (vom Beklagten gewählten) R. bestätigen (v. Prätor), Val. Max.: alqm iudicem sumere u. habere, jmd. zum R. nehmen, haben, Cic.: constituere iudices de alqa re, Cic.: iudices sortiri per praetorem urbanum, Cic.: iudices reicere (verwerfen), Cic.: non ullum iudicem quam se ipsum pati (anerkennen), Tac.: subsortiri iudices, s. sub-sortior: ad iudicem vocare, Sen.: apud iudicem causam agere, Cic.: apud alqm iudicem pro alqo dicere, vor jmd. als Richter einen verteidigen, Cic.: committere iudici litem, Petron.: iudicem esse de alqa re od. inter alqos, Cic.: iudicem sedere in alqm od. inter alqos, R. sein über usw., Cic. u. Liv.: iudices nullos habere, so gut wie keine = schlechte R. haben, Cic.: se iudice nemo nocens absolvitur, Iuven.: omnes Quirites, inlicium visite huc ad iudices u. ite ad conventionem huc ad iudices (zu den Konsuln, die früher Präsidenten der Gerichtshöfe waren), Varro LL. 6, 88. – iudex v. weibl. Wesen, nulla ante iudex femina, Ambros. de vid. 8, 44: dialectica veri et falsi quasi disceptatrix et iudex, Cic. Acad. 2, 91: bes. im Abl. absol., iudice Fortunā cadat alea, Petron. poët. 122. v. 174: lis ad forum deducta est vespā iudice, Phaedr. 3, 13, 3: me iudice, hāc iudice, Ov. met. 2, 428; 8, 24: Librā sub iudice, Lucan. 10, 227: et sumus, ut fateor, tam saevā iudice sontes, Lucan. 10, 368. – II) übtr., v. jedem, der sein Urteil über etwas abgibt = der Richter, Beurteiler, studiorum, Cic.: iudex optimus eorum, quae agebat, Vell.: me iudice, Ov.: iudices litterati, Vitr. – ➳ arch. Dat. Sing. iudicei, Corp. inscr. Lat. 1, 198, 60. – arch. Schreibung Nomin. Plur. ioudices, Corp. inscr. Lat. 1, 198, 26 u. ö. – Genet. Plur. vulg. iudicium, Veget. mil. 2, 19. p. 53, 20 L²; in den übrigen von Neue-Wagener³ (1, 419) aus Cicero, Quintilian u. Sueton angeführten Stellen jetzt iudicum.

judex, icis. m. f.
判官。按察使。 Judicem ei ferre 召人赴案。Judicem rejicere vel nolle vel Judicem iniquum ejurare 辭本官審己。

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iūdex icis, m and f

• ius+DIC-, a judge, juror: verissimus: nequam et levis: severissimi atque integerrimi: te ipsum habebo iudicem: quem si ferrem iudicem, proposed: ferre Volscio iudicem, L.: iudicem dicere, i. e. submit to trial, L.: dare iudicem, to grant a judge(of the praetor): optimum quemque in selectos iudices referre, the jury.—Fig., a judge, decider, umpire: iniqui sunt patres in adulescentīs iudices, T.: aequissimus eorum studiorum: me iudice, in my judgment, O.: Grammatici certant et adhuc sub iudice lis est, H.—A critic, connoisseur, scholar: Iudicis argutum acumen, H.: subtilis veterum, H.: morum, i. e. a censor, Iu.

Iudex

In the Roman constitution a general designation of all judges, whether officials exercising judicial functions or individuals in a private position intrusted on oath with the duty of deciding in either civil or criminal trials. For standing and for extraordinary criminal courts (see quaestio) the iudices were at first chosen from the number of the senators by agreement of the parties concerned. Gaius Gracchus first introduced a list of iudices (album) for the permanent tribunals (quaestiones perpetuae). At first this list was permanent, but afterwards it was published annually by the praetor urbanus, who had to swear that he would be impartial in his selection of names. Under the Empire, as long as the quaestiones perpetuae existed, it was published by the emperor, who nominated the iudices to hold office for life, and from time to time revised and completed the list. By the lex Sempronia of Gaius Gracchus (B.C. 123), the office of judge was taken away from the senators, who had held it previously, and transferred to the possessors of the knight's census (the equites). In B.C. 80 a lex Cornelia of L. Cornelius Sulla restored it to the Senate. In B.C. 70 the office was equally divided between the senators, the knights, and the tribuni aerarii. These last were once more excluded by Caesar. Augustus formed four decuriae, or divisions, of iudices. Of these the first three were obliged to possess the knight's census, and the last the half of it. Caligula added a fifth decuria.

Under the Empire the judicial functions, hitherto confined to certain definite classes, had become so general in their obligations that it was considered a privilege to be freed from them. This exemption was granted to a man with many children, and, afterwards, to those following the professions of grammarians and teachers. The requisite qualifications, apart from that of property, were that a person should be by birth a citizen, and not less than thirty years of age (after Augustus, not less than twenty-five). The other requirements were bodily and mental capacity, an unblemished reputation, and a long residence in Italy. Under the Republic the number of those who were sworn in varied at different times; under the Empire it was fixed at 4000, and later at 5000. For every court of justice the judges were taken from the general list by lot, and out of this special list the presiding magistrate appointed a definite number for each trial. Out of these a certain number might be challenged and rejected by either side; perhaps the president filled up the vacancies by again drawing lots. The swearing in took place before the trial. When the number of the praetors appointed for the quaestiones was not sufficiently large, a iudex quaestionis was appointed, generally one who had served as aedile.

In civil cases it was customary from early times for the judicial magistrates—i. e. the praetors—to depute the investigation and decision to a person instructed by them and appointed by consent of both sides, who was styled iudex pedaneus (χαμαι δικαστής), and corresponded with the referee of New York state law. The terms arbiter, iudex delegatus, and iudex specialis are also used of such a person. From the time of Augustus a single judge (iudex unus) was appointed in each case from the general album of sworn iudices, but for certain cases several judges were introduced. (See recuperatores; judicial procedure, II.) The iudices centumviri formed the single great judicial body for trying civil cases. (See centumviri.) Concerning the iudices litibus iudicandis, who were also appointed in civil cases, see viginti-sex viri.