stipendium

stīpendĭum, ii, n. [contr. from stipipendium, from stips-pendo].

• In publicists’ lang., a tax, impost, tribute, contribution (payable in money; whereas vectigal in kind; the former being regarded as the more humiliating; v. stipendiarius, I.): Poeni stipendia pendunt, Enn. ap. Varr. L. L. 5, § 182 Müll. (Ann. v. 269 Vahl.); so, pendere, Caes. B. G. 1, 44; 5, 27; Sall. C. 20, 7; Liv. 2, 9; 21, 10: conferre, id. 33, 42: solvere, id. 39, 7: imponere victis, Caes. B. G. 1, 44; 7, 54: stipendio liberare aliquem, id. ib. 5, 27: de stipendio recusare, id. ib. 1, 44: stipendi spem facere, Liv. 28, 25, 9.—
• • B Transf.
  • • 1 In gen., tribute, dues (poet. and in post-Aug. prose): indomito nec dira ferens stipendia tauro (sc. Minotauro), Cat. 64, 173: quae finis aut quod me manet stipendium? penalty, Hor. Epod. 17, 36: alii tamen obscuriores (scriptores) aliquod stipendium nostro studio contulerunt, contribution, Col. 1, 1, 10.—
    • 2 Income, subsistence, salary: iis, ut adsiduae templi antistites essent, stipendium de publico statuit, Liv. 1, 20, 3.—
• II In milit. lang., pay, stipend in full: stipendium militare, Liv. 4, 60, 5; Plin. 33, 3, 13, § 45; commonly stipendium alone: militis stipendia ideo, quod eam stipem pendebant, Varr. L. L. 5, § 182 Müll.; cf. Plin. 33, 3, 13, § 43; Liv. 4, 59 and 60: cum stipendium ab legionibus flagitaretur, Caes. B. C. 1, 87: numerare militibus, Cic. Pis. 36, 88: persolvere, id. Att. 5, 14, 1: dare, Brut. ap. Cic. Fam. 11, 26; Liv. 2, 12; 5, 12; cf.: dare pecuniam in stipendium, Caes. B. C. 1, 23; Liv. 27, 9 fin.: accipere, id. 5, 4: stipendio afficere exercitum, Cic. Balb. 27, 61: augere, Caes. B. C. 3, 110: fraudare, id. ib. 3, 59: stipendium duum mensium, Curt. 5, 1, 45: dum in calamitosis stipendiis versaretur, might get pay by the misfortunes of others, Amm.19, 12, 2.—
• • B Transf., military service (mostly in plur.): merere stipendia, Cic. Mur. 5, 12: stipendia merere (mereri), to perform military service, to serve, id. Cael. 5, 11; id. de Or. 2, 64, 258; also, facere, Sall. J. 63, 3; Liv. 3, 27; 5, 7; 42, 34 al.; cf.: opulenta ac ditia facere, id. 21, 43: emereri, to complete the time of service, to serve out one's time, id. 25, 6; Cic. Sen. 14, 49; Sall. J. 84, 2; Liv. 3, 57; Val. Max. 6, 1, 10; v. emereo, II.: auxiliaria stipendia mereri, Tac. A. 2, 52: numerare, Liv. 4, 58: enumerare, id. 3, 58: qui (milites) jam stipendiis confecti erant, Cic. Imp. Pomp. 9, 26; cf.: stipendiis exhausti, Liv. 27, 9: adulescentuli statim castrensibus stipendiis imbuebantur, Plin. Ep. 8, 14, 5.— Sing.: homo nullius stipendii, Sall. J. 85, 10: exercitui dare, id. H. 2, 96, 6 Dietsch: sextus decimus stipendii annus, Tac. A. 1, 17.—
  • • 2 In partic., military service of a year, a year's service, a campaign: si in singulis stipendiis is ad hostes exuvias dabit, Plaut. Ep. 1, 1, 36 (36): quod tricena aut quadragena stipendia senes tolerent, Tac. A. 1, 17: vicena stipendia meritis, id. ib. 1, 36: stipendia sua numerari jubebant, Just. 12, 11, 4: qui eorum minime multa stipendia haberet, Liv. 31, 8 fin.—Sing.: (juventus) octavo jam stipendio functa, Hirt. B. G. 8, 8, 2; cf. with both numbers together: secundo stipendio dextram manum perdidit, stipendiis duobus ter et vicies vulneratus est, Plin. 7, 28, 29 § 104.—
  • C Trop., in gen., service (very rare): functus omnibus humanae vitae stipendiis, i.e. duties, Sen. Ep. 93, 4: tamquam emeritis stipendiis libidinis, Cic. Sen. 14, 49: plurium velut emeritis annorum stipendiis, Col. 3, 6, 4: rex cui (Hercules) duodecim stipendia debebat, services, labors, Just. 2, 4, 18.

stīpendium, iī, n. (= stipipendium, von stips und pendo), was einzeln gezahlt wird; dah. I) die Steuer, der Tribut, die Kontribution, a) eig.: pacisci annuum stipendium, Liv.: stipendium imponere, absol. od. alci, Caes. u. Liv.: argentum in stipendium imponere, Liv.: stipendium capere iure belli, Caes.: stipendium conferre in publicum (v. Volke), Liv.: stipendium per bellum non contulisse, Liv.: pecuniam conferre in stipendium belli, Iustin.: stipendium pendĕre, Liv.: stipendium exigere totā cis Taurum Asiā, Liv.: ab iis stipendium per viginti annos exegisse, Liv.: stipendium iis coloniisin milia aeris asses singulos imperare exigereque quotannis, Liv.: stipendium remittere, Liv.: alcis operā stipendio liberari, Caes.: de stipendio recusare, Caes.: stipendio multare, Liv.: iis (virginibus Vestae), ut assiduae templi antistites essent, stipendium de publico statuit, Einkünfte aus dem ager publicus, Liv. 1, 20, 3. – b) übtr.: α) der Zoll, die Strafe, dira ferens stipendia tauro, Catull.: quod me manet stipendium? Hor. – β) der Beistand, die Unterstützung, Colum. 1, 1, 10. – II) der Sold der Soldaten, die Löhnung, a) eig. (vollst. stipendium militare, Liv. 4, 60, 5. Plin. 33, 45), stipendium solidum, Liv.: stipendium duum mensum, Curt: stipendium ingens militum, Curt.: militum stipendia, Plin.: stipendiorum solutio, Iustin.: stipendium alci decernere, Cic.: stipendium militi constituere (v. Senate), Quint.: modum (Höhe) stipendii sibi ipsi constituere conati sunt, Vell.: alci od. militibus stipendium dare, Cic. u. Liv.: equitibus triplex stipendium dare, Liv.: stipendium militibus usque ad Idus Quinctiles persolvere, Cic.: stipendium militibus per omnes annos a civitatibus mensis palam propositis esse numeratum, Cic.: stipendium praeteritum (rückständigen) cum fide exsolvere, Liv.: plurimis stipendia retro debita (rückständigen) exsolvere, Lampr.: in angustiis aerarii victorem exercitum stipendio afficere, Cic.: stipendium accipere, Liv.: militiā semenstri solidum stipendium accipere, Liv.: equitum stipendium fraudare od. avertere, unterschlagen, Caes.: stipendium flagitare, Caes. (u. so stipendia militibus non a se flagitanda esse, sed ab hoste quaerenda, Iustin.): stipendia merere u. mereri, Sold verdienen = Kriegsdienste tun, Cic.: primum stipendium meruit (den ersten Kriegsdienst tat er) annorum decem septemque, Nep. (vgl. mereo no. I, B, 2): auxiliaria stipendia mereri, bei den Hilfstruppen dienen, Tac.: stipendiis honestis militare, einen ansehnlichen Rang im Heere haben, Eutr. – b) meton., der Kriegsdienst, die kriegerische Laufbahn, homo nullius stipendii, der nie gedient hat, Sall.: sextus decimus stipendii annus, Tac. – gew. im Plur., finis stipendiorum, Cic.: sub stipendiorum meorum initia, Vell.: stipendia facere, Sall.: stipendia emereri, stipendia emerita, Sall. u. Liv.: C. Cornelius fortissimae militiae stipendia emeritus, Val. Max. 6, 1, 10: stipendia explere, Tac., implere, Liv. epit.: milites stipendiis confectis, Cic., od. emeritis, Liv., die ihre Jahre ausgedient, ihre Feldzüge getan hatten: decimum annum delectibus, stipendiis se exhaustos esse, Liv.: castrensibus stipendiis imbui, den Dienst im Lager lernen, Plin. ep. – insbes., das Dienstjahr, der Feldzug, plurimorum stipendiorum milites, Liv.: multa od. minima stipendia habere, Liv.: stipendiis duobus ter et vicies vulneratum esse, Plin.: iuventus octavo iam stipendio functa, Hirt. b.G.: stipendia alcis numerare, Liv. u. Iustin.: septem et viginti enumerare stipendia, Liv.: quadragesimum id stipendium Caecina parendi aut imperitandi habebat, vierzig Jahre hatte C. teils gehorchend, teils befehlend jetzt gedient, Tac. – bildl., tamquam emeritis stipendiis libidinis, ambitionis etc., Cic. de sen. 49: plurium velut emeritis annorum stipendiis, Colum. 3, 6, 4: functus omnibus humanae vitae stipendiis, Sen. ep. 93, 4. – übtr., der Dienst übh., rex, cui (Hercules) duodecim stipendia debebat zu zwölf Diensten verpflichtet war, Iustin. 2, 4, 18. – ➳ vulg. Nbf. istīpendium, Corp. inscr. Lat. 8, 9838.

stipendium [CL] 1 payment made in exchange for military service; b (in fig. context, freq. w. ref. to I Cor. ix 7). ut hi [sc. Saxones] ‥ contra adversarios militarent, illi [sc. Britones] militantibus debita ~ia conferrent Bede HE I 15 p. 31; unus miles ibat, et ad ejus victum vel ~ium ‥ dabantur ei iiij solidi ad ij menses DB I 56va; cum ‥ multas ‥ promissiones, tam terrarum quam ~iorum, multis inaniter emisisset Gir. EH I 2; se ‥ obligaverunt ‥ invenire ‥ viz. quinque portus antedicti ‥ octoginta naves defensabiles propriis suis expensis per quadraginta dies, et capient deinceps ~ia a rege Knighton I 198.  b 1168 dominus ‥ Cantuariensis ‥ pro causa Dei dimicat ‥ adhuc tamen suis ~iis militat J. Sal. Ep. 273 (283); ut et pugnandi habeat exercitium, et post finem quandoque belli digna militie sue ~ia referat J. Ford Serm. 113. 3; 12‥ de prelatis et clericis ~iis ecclesie militantibus qui contra canonicas sanctiones ‥ Conc. Scot. II 25; a1441 quamvis ‥ nemo ‥ tenetur propriis ~iis militare Reg. Whet. II app. 411. 2 (in non-mil. context) payment made in exchange for work done or service rendered, wage, stipend; b (transf., of spiritual reward or sim.); c (w. ref. to Rom. vi 23). 1276 in stupendio fabri pro ferr' vij carucarum per annum xiij s. Ac. Stratton 189; c1280 si ‥ prepositus recipiet de domino ad stipend' per annum v s., j agnum electum pariter, et caseum Crawley 232; 1308 in feno et foragio empto cum stipend' serviencium Ac. Durh. 2; 1332 necnon in ~ium xvj portitorum dictas tentas ‥ portancium LTR Mem 105 m. 16d.; 1546 quo pacto ministris et servientibus academie ‥ consueta sua ~ia debite persolvantur StatOx 340.  b hic ‥ dum, spiritali confortatus armatura et seculari sublimatus sumptura, utriusque vitae ~iis minime careret Willib. Bonif. 4 p. 15; vir ‥ dilectus Deo ‥ qui, specu subterraneo multis annis inclusus, suorum erat meritorum ~iis jam vicinus Ailr. Ed. Conf. 752D; erat ‥ terra ipsa nimie asperitatis et salsuginis ‥. sed hominibus per fidem Christi proferentibus fructum suum in vitam eternam, terra nihilominus in ~ium ipsorum protulit uberrime fructum suum Eadmer Wilf. Brev. 231; nec sibi quippiam in hac ministratione, sed ei potius qui ‥ incrementium [l. incrementum] dat Deus Pater [l. preter], sola laboris sui eterna ~ia vendicant J. Ford Serm. 16. 6; qui ‥ de ~io injustitie premium glorie reportavit Ib. 84. 9.  c ‘~ia ‥ peccati mors’ ut ait apostolus, sed non consequenter etiam ~ia justitie vita eterna J. Ford Serm. 58. 12; super eos [sc. filios Adam] definitum est ‘morte moriemini’ [Gen. iii 4], gemine viz. ~ium mortis Ib. 101. 10; ut ‥ et mortem que ceteris est ~ium culpe, ipsi habeant ‥ ~ium vite Ib. 106. 7. 3 payment made for use or hire of thing, place, or animal; b (w. ref. to compensation claimed for loss of usufruct during period of detention). 1328 in ~io unius batelle, cariantis vasa de Clacmanan usque Leth, iiij s. ExchScot 84; 1336 summas pecuniarum ‥ ballivo suo tam pro reparatione quam ~iis qarundam domorum apud N. ‥ pro sessione justic' ‥ coram nobis tenend' Cl 157 m. 10; 1450 in expensis ipsius computantis equitantis cum ij equis causa mensuracionis querrure per ij vices cum ~iis equinis, ij s. ij d. Fabr. York 65.  b 1337 unacum dampnis ‥ viz., pro ~io cujuslibet bovis, iiij bollas farine avene per annum, et de qualibet vacca v petras casei et unum stirk per annum ExchScot 437. 4 (in general) payment or disbursement made to person. b (acad.) type of fee (paid by student). deprecor tuam magnificenciam ut ‥ des michi ~ia de thesauris tuis ut possim edificare hospitale magnum Descr. Constant. 261; a1073 quatinus ‥ ad vos venirem vobiscum in palatio, vestris ~iis, tribus ‥ mensibus moraturus Lanfr. Ep. 1 (1 p. 34); nobilis oppidi Bristolli ‥ ubi et occasione navium que de Hibernia eo in portu ‥ suscipi consueverant, a quibus terre sue gentisque statum audire gestiebat, fiscalibus ~iis decenter exhibitus, est aliquamdiu conversatus Gir. EH I 2.  b 1514 ordinaria ~ia quoruncumque studentium, que cumulaciones appellari solent ‥ et quam summam graduati ‥ solvere debeant StatOx 330. 5 (eccl.) stipend. c1240 quilibet canonicus dabit vicario suo ad minus xx s. pro ~iis suis, nisi vicarius idem fuerit sacerdos qui in officio sacerdotali debet ministrare, et tunc canonicus dabit ei ~ia largiora Stat. Lichf. 30; 1264 capellanis regis ‥ quorum quilibet capit per annum l s. pro ~iis suis Cl 5; 1353 in stipend' sacerdotum, magistri puerorum elemosinarie, et aliorum Ac. Durh. 207; 13‥ quidam presbyteri ‥ cum vix valeant unius officium perimplere, sibi vendicant ~ia plurimorum plures missas in die celebrando Conc. Scot. II 65; 1439 ante divisionem inter canonicos de fructibus et proventibus ‥ fiendam, primo ‥ solvantur ~ia ministrorum ‥ ecclesie officiancium ‥ distribuciones quotidiane, vina, obitus Stat. Linc. II 211; c1520 omnes et singulos rectores vicarios perpetuos et pensionarios in suis ecclesiis degentes, necnon eorum curatos et capellanos quoscunque in dictis ecclesiis capellanias ex fundatione seu alias ex ~io habentes Conc. Scot. I cclxxxii. 6 (regular) allowance, ration (of food, drink, or other supplies). quomodo in castris contra hostem cum exercitu sedens, ibique habente ~io parvo [v. l. ~ium parvum], tamen ‥ habundanter vivens ‥ sicut Danihel et tres pueri V. Cuthb. I 7; ad naves, quibus cottidianus inerat clericorum ac puerorum victus, et aliquantulum adhuc residuum ejusdem ~i [v. l. ~ii] vinum ‥ asportavit Willib. Bonif. 8 p. 50; de me ‥ qui sub regula alterius vixero nihil habens lucri, sicut omnium moris est hic habitantium nihil habentes nisi cotidiana ~ia Ep. Bonif. 146; ~iis, i. alimentis Gl. Bodl. 22; Cnuto ‥ civitatem intravit et in solio regni resedit. sed ‥ Londonienses non sibi ‥ esse fideles credidit, unde et navium ~ia illa aestate restaurare fecit Enc. Emmae II 7.

stīpendĭum, (9) ĭī, n. (stips, pendo),

I ¶ 1 impôt, tribut, contribution [en argent] : stipendium pendere Cæs. G. 1, 36, 5, etc. ; capere Cæs. G. 1, 44, 2 ; imponere Cæs. G. 7, 54, 4, payer, tirer, imposer une contribution de guerre, cf. Sall. C. 20, 7 ; Liv. 33, 42 ; 39, 7 ¶ 2 [poét.] réparation, rançon : Hor. Epo. 17, 36.

II solde militaire : ¶ 1 solde, paie : stipendium numerare militibus Cic. Pis. 88, payer la solde aux soldats, ou persolvere Cic. Att. 5, 14, 1 ; stipendio afficere exercitum Cic. Balbo 61, assurer la paie dʼune armée ¶ 2 [surt. au pl.] = service militaire : stipendia merere Cic. Cæl. 11, faire son service militaire, servir, ou facere Sall. J. 63, 3 ; Liv. 3, 27, 1 ; 5, 7, 5, etc. ; emereri Liv. 25, 6, 16, achever son temps de service ; v. emereo, emeritus ¶ 3 année de solde, campagne : in singulis stipendiis Pl. Epid. 38, à chaque campagne ; octavo jam stipendio Hirt. G. 8, 8, 2, étant déjà à la huitième campagne ; secundo stipendio Plin. 7, 104, à la seconde campagne ; tricena, quadragena stipendia Tac. Ann. 1, 17, trente, quarante années de service ; milites stipendiis confecti Cic. Pomp. 26, les soldats accablés dʼannées de campagne, cf. Liv. 31, 8, 10 || [par ext.] un service [en général]: rex cui Hercules duodecim stipendia debebat Just. 2, 4, 18, le roi auquel Hercule devait douze services, douze tâches ¶ 4 [fig.] vitæ stipendia Sen. Ep. 93, 4, les obligations de la vie.

*stipendium, ii. n.
支用。費用。

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stipendium , ii. n.
錢糧。一年當兵。税。罰之錢。幚助。Stipendia facere vel merere vel mereri 受錢糧當兵。Stipendia pedibus facere 當步兵。Stipendia facere suis equis 自出馬而當兵。Multa stipendia habere 已有多年當兵。Homo confectis vel emeritis stipendiis 已滿當兵之時。Homo nullius stipendii 未當兵之人。

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stīpendium ī, n

• stips+PAND-, a paying of tax, tax, impost, tribute, contribution(usu. in money): pendere, Cs.: conferre, L.: stipendio liberatus, Cs.: stipendi spem facere, L.—Tribute, dues: Quae finis aut quod me manet stipendium?penalty, H.—An income, stipend, salary, pay: iis stipendium de publico statuit, L.—Of soldiers: militare, L.: cum stipendium ab legionibus flagitaretur, Cs.: numerare militibus: exercitum stipendio adficere: trium mensium, Cu.—Military service, campaigning: meruisse stipendiain eo bello, to have served: stipendiis faciundis sese exercuit, S.: emereri, to serve out one's time, L.: emeritis stipendiis, i. e. at the end of their service, S.; cf. animum tamquam emeritis stipendiis libidinis secum vivere, i. e. released from the service of, etc.: homo nullius stipendi, S.: qui eorum minime multa stipendia haberet, i. e. campaigns, L.: septem et viginti enumeratis stipendiis, i. e. years of service, L.

STIPENDIUM

STIPE´NDIUM(contracted for stipi-pendium) is derived from stips and pendo, from the fact of original payments for service having been made by weight (Varro, L. L. 5.36, 50, Milites stipendia ideo quod eam stipem pendebant; cf. Plin. Nat.33.43): stips, of which only the oblique cases are found, meaning a donation in small coin (Dig. 55, 16, 17, stipendium a stipe-quod per stipes, id est modica aera colligatur; cf. Festus, pp. 296, 297). Its earliest meaning appears to be that of pay for the army, from which two kindred meanings are derived: that of military service, as in the phrases facere stipendia, emereri stipendia; and that of a campaign, as in the expressions semestria, annua. stipendia. The sense of a tax or impost is probably a secondary use of the word derived from its primary meaning of military payment, the original taxes being those levied to defray military expenses. (For this meaning, see TRIBUTUM.)

In B.C. 406, at the beginning of the Veientine War, a regular payment (stipendium) was first made to the army; previously to this there had been no provision made for the foot-soldiers (milites), but each had served at his own cost (Liv. 5.4, moleste autem ferebat miles de suo sumptu operam reipublicae praebere; Zonaras (Zonar. 7.20, ἀμισθὶ γὰρ μέχρι τότε καὶ οἰκόσιτοι ἐστρατεύοντο), although Dionysius says of the year B.C. 466 that a semestre stipendium had been given to the army for the supply of provisions (εἰς ὀφωνιασμόν, Dionys. 5.47). The more probable date, however, is that of the siege of Veii; the ten years' campaign and the necessity of remaining in winter-quarters making it impossible for the legionaries to furnish their own support (Florus (Flor. 1.12, tum primum hiematum sub pellibus; Lydus, de Mag. 1.46). Previously to this some provision had been made for the equites, not in the way of furnishing them with necessaries during the campaign, but only for the purpose of supplying and maintaining their horses [AES EQUESTREand AES HORDEARIUM ]; but some years after the stipendium had been granted to the infantry we find the equites also receiving a similar support (Liv. 5.7, equiti certus numerus aeris est assignatus; Zonaras (Zonar. 7.20). This original stipendium, however, was not a regular payment for services (μισθός), but an indemnity for the expenses of the soldiers during a campaign; it is described by the expressions ἐφόδια (Diod. 4.16), σιτηρέσιον (Lydus, de Mag. 1.45), ὀφωνιασμός (Dionys. 5.47); but that it left some margin over as a reward for service seems shown by the words of Livy (Liv. 5.4, miles gaudet nunc fructui sibi rempublicam esse), as in the time of Polybius, when the stipendium was still regarded as an ὀφώνιον, the daily payment certainly exceeded the cost of the provisions supplied (Plb. 6.39). The payments were made either half-yearly (Dionys. 9.59; 9.17-Z2, χρήματα εἰς ὀψωνιασμὸν ἓξ μηνῶν or yearly (Diod. 14.16), according as the campaign lasted, under: or over six months. Hence the transference of stipendium from its meaning of pay to that of length of service or campaign. The year of war service began on March 1st, the. old official New Year's day, and the six-months' service (semestre stipendium) ended with the close of August (Mommsen, Rechtsfrage <*>zwischen Caesar und dem Senat, p. 15 sq.). Before the creation of the standing army for the purpose of provincial control, a period of service over six months was unusual; but eventually military duties extended over the whole year, a period of service over six months or two periods of six months being regarded as an annuum stipendium (Lex Julia Munic. C. I. L. 1, n. 206, 50.92, quae stipendia majorem partem. sui quojusque anni fecerit, aut bina semnestria, quae ei pro singuleis annueis procedere oporteat). The usual mode of payment before the time of the dictator Caesar was probably half-yearly; during the Empire, as will be seen in discussing the reforms in the rate of payment, the troops' were paid every four months.

The effect of the regular stipendium was that the cost of the provisions given to the Roman soldiers was subtracted from their pay by the quaestor; while the socii, who were not paid by the state, had such advances made to them free of charge (Plb. 6.39). The allowance for the allies in Polybius' time was, for the infantry 2/3 medimnus of wheat a month, for the cavalry 1 1/3 medimni of wheat a month and five of barley. The allowance for the infantry soldier of Rome was the same as that for the infantry soldier of the allied states, but the Roman equites received two medimni of wheat a month and seven of barley. The expenses for fresh supplies of uniform and arms were deducted, like the cost of provisions, from the Roman soldier's pay (Polyb. l. c.), and this was still the case in the early Empire. We find, indeed, that C. Gracchus passed a law which gave to the soldiers their uniforms free of charge (Plut. C. Gracch. 5); but even if this law was passed, it could not have been permanent, since we find from the complaints of the legionaries in the reign of Tiberius that the cost of uniforms, weapons, and tents was taken from their pay (Tac. Ann. 1.17). It is conjectured from two passages in Suetonius (Suet. Jul. 26and 68) that in the later Republic corn was sometimes supplied by the state free of charge to the troops, and this certainly seems to be the case in the earlier Empire, since, on the meeting of the legions in the reign of Tiberius, they count among their grievances the fact that the expenditure for arms and uniforms was deducted from their pay, but do not mention the frumentum, which, if it had not been supplied gratis, would have been quite the largest item deducted (Tac. Ann. 1.17). The praetorian cohorts were first supplied with free corn in Nero's reign (Tac. Ann. 15.72; Suet. Nero 10), and during the later Empire it is known to have been supplied free of charge to the whole army (Lamprid. Alex. Sev. 52). The same was eventually the case with arms and uniform, and under the later Caesars the legionary's pay was unburdened by any military expenses (Dig. 49, 16, 14, 1; Lamprid. l. c. non contra eum--Alexandrum--qui annonam, qui vestem, qui stipendia vobis attribuit).

As regards the rate of payment, there is no evidence to show that there was a fixed rate when the stipendium was first introduced. We first hear of regular proportions of pay in the time of Polybius, who tells us that the legionaries received two obols, the centurions four obols, and the equites a drachma a day (Plb. 6.39, 12). The drachma is equivalent to the denarius, which was originally worth ten asses; the foot-soldier received two obols, that is 1/3 denarius, or 3 1/3 asses a day, which Plautus, leaving out the fraction, calls tres nummi (Plant. Mostell. 2.1, 10). For the year of 360 days this makes for the annuum stipendium of the foot-soldier, 1200 asses (360 [multi] 3 1/3 ); of the centurion, who received double this amount, 2400 asses; of the eques, who received a full denarius, 3600 asses. In B.C. 217 the new uncial measurement was introduced, and the denarius is from this time forth;worth sixteen instead of ten asses. Pliny, in his account of this lowering of the copper standard, says, In militari tamen stipendio semper denarius pro decem assibus datus (H. N. 33.45): that is, where ten asses (the old denarius) had been given before, the new denarius (sixteen asses) was given now, and the soldiers received in silver as much pay as before (Boeckh, Metrol. Unters. p. 425). The pay, therefore, was still 120 denarii a year, but this, instead of being 1200 asses a year (120 [multi] 10), was 1920 asses a year (120 [multi] 16), or 5 1/3 asses a day instead of 3 1/3 asses, the former rate of payment. Till the time of Caesar the daily pay of the legionaries was 5 1/3 asses; Caesar is said by Suetonius to have doubled the pay (Suet. Jul. 26, legionibus stipendium in perpetuum duplicavit). If this were strictly true, the pay. should have been raised to 10 2/3 asses, but we find from Tacitus that it was only raised to ten: asses (Tac. Ann. 1.17, denis in diem assibus animam et corpus aestimari). The true nature of Caesar's reform is explained by Marquardt by reference to a passage in Suetonius, who tells us that Domitian addidit et quartum stipendium militi aureos ternos. A stipendium is here said to be three aurei; the aureus was twenty-five denarii, and three aurei would be seventy-five denarii or 1200 asses (75 [multi] 16). This shows that 1200 asses were still counted a stipendium in the new coinage as it had been in the old; and since Domitian is said to have added a fourth stipendium, Caesar's reform consisted in giving the soldiers three stipendia, reckoned as a stipendium had been in the old coinage (1200 asses) instead of one stipendium reckoned as it had been in the new coinage (1920 asses). The soldiers now, instead of 1920 asses a year, received 3600 asses a year (1200 [multi] 3); that is, as Tacitus says, ten asses a day; or, reckoning the stipendium in denarii, the soldiers from the time of Caesar, instead of receiving 120 new denarii (1920 asses) a year, received 225 new denarii (3600 asses). Domitian increased the pay by three aurei, that is seventy-five denarii, so that after Domitian their pay would have been 300 new denarii a year (225 + 75) (Marquardt, Staatsverw. 5. p. 93). That Caesar, in raising the pay to three stipendia a year, had made the payments every four months, and that Domitian, although he added a fourth stipendium, still retained this mode of payment, is shown by the passage of Zonaras in which he speaks of Domitian's increase of the pay: καὶ τοῖς στρατιώταις ἐπηύξησε τὴν μισθοφοράν· πέντε γὰρ καὶ ἑβδομήκοντα δραχμὰς ἑκάστου λαμβάνοντος, ἑκατὸν ἐκέλευσε δίδοσθαι (Zonar. 11.29): that, is, as Caesar had divided the whole year's pay of 225 denarii into three stipendia of seventy-five denarii each, so Domitian divided the increased year's pay of 300 denarii into three stipendia of 100 denarii each. What the amount of the stipendium was in the time of the old libral as is unknown; but it has been conjectured that it was 240 of these libral asses, which would be about equivalent to 1200 of the later asses, at their value before the year B.C. 217; five of these asses sextantarii being, according to Boeckh, equivalent to one libral as (Boeckh, Metrolog. Unters. p. 458; Mommsen, Die römische Tribus, p. 43). We find in Gaius the mention of an old custom permitting the Roman soldier, in case of his not receiving the stipendium due to him, to distrain on the goods of the officer whose duty it was to administer the pay (Gaius, 4.26).

Under the Empire the Roman forces were divided into four parts--the legionaries, the home troops (consisting of the urban and praetorian cohorts), the auxilia, and the fleet. Of the strength and rate of payment of these last two branches of the force we know nothing. That the soldiers of the praetorian cohorts received two full denarii--that is, thirty-two asses a day--is implied in the passage of Tacitus (Tac. Ann. 1.17; cf. 26), where the legionaries claim a full denarius or sixteen asses a day, alleging that the praetorians received bini denarii, although it is elsewhere stated that they received double pay (Dio Cass., 5), which, as the legionaries received ten asses a day, would be twenty and not thirty-two asses; and it is possible that this latter statement is strictly true, and that Tacitus makes the legionaries purposely exaggerate the rate of pay of the praetorian. The gross annual amount expended on the legionaries and the home troops in the reign of Tiberius is estimated by Marquardt at 186,840,000 sesterces (Staatsverw. 5. p. 94), so far as the common soldiers are concerned: for the pay of the higher officers in the period of the early Empire is not known; that of a tribune seems to have been high (Juven. 3.133), and we find in the third century that it was as much as 250 aurei or 25,000 sesterces (Mommsen in the Berichte der Kaiserl. Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften, 1852, p. 240). The historians of the later Empire furnish us with instances of very large annual grants furnished by the emperors, both in money and in kind, to tribunes of the legion (Trebell. Poll. Claud. 14, where the grant is called solarium ex nostro privato aerario: cf. Vopisc. Prob. 4); but these were rather in the nature of private grants made to distinguished officers, such as Aurelian the future emperor, to enable them to maintain more state than their ordinary pay permitted (Vopisc. Aurel. 9).

(Marquardt, Staatsverwaltung, 5. p. 90 sq.; Boeckh, Metrologische Untersuchungen, p. 423 sq.; Dureau de la Malle, Économie politique des Romains, 1. p. 134 sq.; Mommsen, Die römische Tribus, p. 31 sq.)

[A.H.G]

Stipendium

(from stips and pendo). The pay of a Roman soldier. Originally each tribe had to contribute the necessary means to provide for its contingent. It was only at the beginning of the war against Veii in B.C. 404 that payment of a sum by the State was introduced. This was given to the soldiers, either before or after the campaign, as compensation for the cost of their living during its continuance. When this had gradually become a regular payment, it grew customary, in making it, to deduct everything which the State had provided for the army in the way of clothing, arms, and food; but under the Empire maintenance was given free. In the time of Polybius the pay of legionaries was 120 denarii ($20); of centurions twice, and of knights three times that amount. Caesar increased it to 225 denarii ($37.50) for a legionary, Domitian to 300 ($50). The praetorians received under Tiberius 720 denarii ($120). See exercitus; praetoriani.

Stipendium is also the name of the fixed normal tax imposed on conquered provinces, which might consist of money, or produce, or both (see provincia). During the Republic, when a country was conquered, this was usually fixed according to the amount of the existing taxes, and the country divided into fiscal districts, and the officials of the chief places in each compelled to pay in the portion which fell to them. Under Augustus the taxes were for the first time fixed upon the basis of a measurement of the ground occupied, and of a computation of property (census). The stipendium was either a ground-tax (tributum soli) or a personal tax (tributum capitis), which was partly a poll-tax, partly a property-tax, partly a tax on the trade carried on by the individual. In exceptional cases special taxes were also imposed. Those bound to pay the stipendium were called stipendiarii.

See Mommsen, Staatsverwaltung, v. pp. 90 foll.; Durean de la Malle, Économie Politique des Romains, i. pp. 134 foll.; and Mommsen, Die römische Tribus, pp. 131 foll.