culpa

culpam transtulit in alios
he transferred the blame onto others

culpa , ae, f.: a wrong action; crime, fault, 2.140.

culpa, ae, f. [kindr. in root with scelus; cf. Sanscr. skhal-, errare], crime, fault, blame, failure, defect (as a state worthy of punishment; on the contr. delictum, peccatum, etc., as punishable acts; diff. from scelus, which implies an intentional injury of others; but culpa includes in it an error in judgment).

• I Prop.
• • A In gen. (very freq. in every period and species of composition): delictum suum Suamque ut culpam expetere in mortalem sinat, Plaut. Am. 1, 2, 33 (495); cf.: non C. Rabirium culpa delicti, non invidia vitae ... in discrimen capitis vocaverunt, Cic. Rab. Perd. 1, 2: in hoc uno genere omnis inesse culpas istius maximas avaritiae, majestatis, dementiae, libidinis, crudelitatis, id. Verr. 2, 5, 17, § 42: et culpam in facto, non scelus esse meo, Ov. Tr. 4, 1, 24 et saep.: quicquid hujus factum'st culpa, non factum'st mea, Ter. Eun. 980: is quidem In culpā non est, to blame, in fault, id. Hec. 700; cf. id. ib. 299: praesidio ad eorum, qui in culpā essent, timorem uti, Cic. Fam. 15, 2, 7: malo Tironis verecundiam in culpā esse, quam inliberalitatem Curii, id. Att. 8, 6, 3; id. Planc. 4, 10; cf.: ut jam sit in iis culpa, qui, etc., id. Fam. 1, 9, 13: tua culpa nonnulla est, you are somewhat to blame, not without fault, id. ib. 3, 8, 6: sed haec mea culpa est, id. Brut. 35, 133: ne penes ipsos culpa esset cladis, Liv. 5, 36, 10: penes Aetolos culpam belli esse, id. 35, 33, 3; Sen. Ben. 7, 18, 2; Plin. Ep. 10, 30 (39), 2: culpa, quae te est penes, Ter. Hec. 535: culpa abest ab aliquo, Quint. 11, 1, 64: aliquem extra culpam belli esse judicare, Liv. 8, 19, 10: in mutum confers culpam, Plaut. Truc. 4, 3, 55 (829): conferre in aliquem, Ter. Eun. 387; Caes. B. G. 4, 27; Cic. Sen. 5, 14 al.; cf.: culpam transferre in aliquem, Ter. And. 379; Cic. Att. 15, 28; id. Font. 8, 18: suam quisque culpam auctores ad negotia transferunt, Sall. J. 1, 4: contrahere culpam, Cic. Att. 11, 24, 1: culpam non modo derivare in aliquem, sed communicare cum altero, Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 20, § 49: in culpā ponere aliquem, id. Clu. 45, 127: indecorant bene nata (pectora) culpae, Hor. C. 4, 4, 36; 4, 15, 11: seraque fata, Quae manent culpas etiam sub Orco, id. ib. 3, 11, 29; Ap. Dogm. Plat. 2, p. 28, 5; Arn. 1, p. 27.—
  • B In partic.
  • • 1 The crime of unchastity, a faux pas (cf. crimen, II. A. 2.), Ov. M. 2, 37 et saep.; Verg. A. 4, 19; 4, 172; Hor. C. 3, 27, 38; 3, 6, 17; Tac. A. 3, 24 et saep.—
    • 2 Mostly in jurid. Lat., the fault of remissness, neglect, Dig. 17, 2, 72; 18, 1, 68; 42, 5, 8, § 3: nec sum facturus (rem) vitio culpāve minorem, Hor. S. 2, 6, 6.—
• II Meton., any thing mischievous or injurious, mischief: continuo culpam (sc. ovem aegram) ferro compesce, Verg. G. 3, 468: sedula (i. e. meretrix), Prop. 4 (5), 5, 20.—
• • B Of things, a fault, defect: operum et laudes et culpae, Vitr. 3, 1, 4.

culpa (altlat. colpa), ae, f., das Verschulden, die Verschuldung, die Schuld, I) eig. u. meton.: 1) eig.: a) übh. (Ggstz. laus): c. belli, Liv.: c. delicti, Cic.: c. neglegentiae, Q. Cic. – correctio huius culpae, Cic.: liberatio culpae, Cic.: satisfactio culpae, Quint. – nulla conscientia de culpa, Sall. Cat. 35, 2. – affinis culpae, Cic.: sibi nullius conscius culpae, Plin. ep.; vgl. istius nescius culpae, Verg.: expers culpae, Suet.: a culpa vacuus, Sall.: culpae reus, Cic. – c. aliena, Cic.: magna, maxima, Cic.: minor, Cic.: turpis, Cic. – Abl. culpā, durch (eigenes) V., zB. nihil mihi mali casus attulit; omnia culpā contracta sunt, Cic.: nusquam culpā male rem gessit, Nep.: culpā amittere alqd, Liv.: ebenso meā culpā, tuā culpā, suā culpā u. dgl., zB. non meā culpā saepe ad vos oratum mitto, es ist nicht meine Sch., daß ich usw., Sall.: magis adeo id facilitate, quam aliā ullā culpā meā contigit, Cic.: nemo, nisi suā culpā, diu dolet, Quint.: summā meā culpā, Cic. – culpā alcis, zB. accusatorum culpā, Val. Max.: nullā ducis culpā, Tac.: bes. oft accĭdit alqd culpā alcis, operā et culpā alcis, culpā senectutis, Cic.: ea molestissime ferre homines debent, quae ipsorum culpā contracta sunt, Cic. – abesse a culpa, sowohl v. Pers., zB. innocens est quispiam, verum tamen, quamquam abest a culpa, suspicione tamen non caret, Cic.; als v. Lebl., ferre fortunam praesertim quae absit a culpa, Cic. – abest culpa ab alqo od. ab alqa re, zB. a filio, Quint.: quicquid accĭderit, a quo mea culpa absit, animo forti feram, Cic. – non abhorrere a tali culpa (v. Pers.), Cic.: absolvere alqm culpā niveis lapillis (Ggstz. damnare nigris), Ov. – accusare populi culpam, non accusatoris, Cic. – admittere in se culpam, Ter.: enixe amovere ab se culpam, Liv.: arguere alqm culpae (Ggstz. liberare culpae), Liv.: ea culpa, quam arguo, Liv.: assignare culpae alcis imprudentiaeque, quod (daß) etc., Cic.: assignare culpae fortunam (zur persönl. Sch. anrechnen) Auct. b. Afr.: uni culpam attribuere, Cic.: augere culpam, culpam alcis rei, Cic., culpam suam, Plin. ep.: avertere omnem culpam in fraudem Carthaginiensium, Liv. – carere culpā, Plaut., Cic. u.a.: coarguere suam culpam, Cic.: commereri culpam, Plaut.: commerere culpam, Ter., culpam in se, Plaut.: committere culpam, Cic.: communicare culpam suam cum altero, Cic. – conferre culpam suam in senectutem, Cic., culpam omnem in Domitium, Cic., in me omnem illorum temporum culpam, Cic., huius circumsessionis tuae causam et culpam in alios, Cic.: ut in eo ipso, in quo reprehendatur, culpam in adversarium conferat, Cic. – in quo non modo culpa nulla, sed ne suspicio quidem potuit consistere (Platz greifen), Cic.: cum in homine nulla culpa inveniretur, Cic. – culpā contaminare personam (seinen Charakter), Cornif. rhet.: contrahere culpam (v. Pers.), Cic.: fortunam in culpam convertere, jmdm. sein Schicksal als Schuld beimessen, Cic.: corrigere virtute culpam suam, Liv. – dare alci summam laudem vitio et culpae, Cic.: dare veniam culpae, Ov.: demovere culpam ab aliis, Cic.: derivare culpam suam in alqm, Cic. – non potes effugere huius culpae poenam, Cic. – est culpa mea, tua etc., est culpa alcis, zB. sed haec mea culpa est, Cic.: tua summa culpa est, si etc., du bist am meisten schuld, Cic.: tua tamen non nulla culpa est, Cic.: nostra nulla culpa est, Cic.: de reliquo iam nostra culpa erit, si etc., Cic.: multorum est enim et varia culpa, Cic.: hominum esse istam culpam, non deorum, Cic. – est culpa in alqo od. in alqa re, zB. ego culpam non in nauarchis, sed in te fuisse demonstro, Cic.: illa modo in ducibus culpa, quod ut odio essent civibus fecerant, alia omnis penes milites noxia erat, Liv.: in hominum vitiis ais esse culpam, Cic.: dav. verschieden scit culpam in facto, non scelus esse meo, Ov. trist. 4, 1, 24. – est culpa penes alqm, zB. ego etiam illorum esse hanc culpam credidi, quae te est penes, Ter.: ne penes ipsos culpa esset cladis forte Gallico bello acceptae, Liv.: si vicarii dati, penes eos culpa est, qui etc., Traian. in Plin. ep. – esse in culpa, v. Pers.u. Lebl., zB. nos in culpa sumus, Cic.: simili sunt in culpa, qui etc., Cic.: medicus magna est in culpa, si etc., Cic.: malo Tironis verecundiam in culpa esse, quam illiberalitatem Curii, Cic.: Ggstz. extra culpam esse, zB. dico aut omnes extra culpam fuisse, aut, si uni culpa attribuenda sit, in eo maximam fuisse, qui summum imperium obtineret, aut, si omnes in culpa fuerint, oportuisse etc., Cic.: extra culpam belli esse, Liv. – excludere culpam, unmöglich machen, zB. eam dedisses hominibus rationem, quae vitia culpamque excluderet, Cic. – fateri culpam suam, Quint. – haeret omnis culpa sola in alqo, Ter.: haeret in alqo culpa crimenque, Cic. – ignoscere culpae minori, Petron.: incĭdere in hoc culpae genus non fraude, Cic.: inclinare omnem culpam in collegam, Liv.: invenire alqm in culpa, Ter. – liberare alqm culpā, Cic.: liberare alqm culpae (Ggstz. arguere alqm culpae), Liv.: luere culpam maiorum (von den Nachkommen), Curt.: sanguine liberûm suorum culpam defectionis luere, Liv.-merere culpam in alqa re, Ter., od. alqā re, zB. prave quid imperando, Mela: videndum est an minui culpa possit, Quint. – piare miserorum morte culpam hanc, Verg.: plectere culpam, Cic.: ponere se extra omnem culpam causamque, Cic.: non omnes, qui Oppianicum condemnarunt, in culpa sunt ac suspicione ponendi, als Schuld habend u. verdächtig anzusehen, Cic.: praestare culpam, für die Sch. Bürgschaft leisten, Cic.: purgare (rechtfertigen) culpam, Liv. – redimere praeteritam culpam, ausgleichen, gut machen, Planc. in Cic. ep. (vgl. redimere nullam congiario culpam, nullam alimentis crudelitatem, Plin. pan.): regerere communem culpam in alqm, Plin. ep.: remittere culpam, Val. Flacc.: a se removere culpam, Liv.: remotum esse a culpa (v. Pers.), Cic.: reprehendere alcis culpam, Cic.: residet culpa alcis rei in alqo, Cic. – subest nulla culpa, Cic. fr.: suscipere culpam, culpam alcis rei, aliquid culpae recusando, Cic.: in se suscipere istius culpam crimenque, Cic.: sustinere culpam alcis rei, die Sch. von etw. tragen, v. Pers., Cic.; u. v. Lebl., zB. horum malorum omnium culpam fortuna sustinet, Cic.; u. (v. Pers.) m. folg. quod (daß usw.), ut iam ne istius quidem rei culpam sustineam, quod minus diu fuerim in provincia, quam fortasse fuerit utile, Cic. – teneri aliquā culpā erroris humani, Cic.: transferre culpam (omnem culpam) in alios od. in se, Cic.: transferre suam culpam ad negotia, Sall.: tribuere alqd culpae alcis, Cornif. rhet., Caes. u.a. – vacare culpā, omni culpā (v. Pers.), Cic.: vacare culpā in alqa re (v. Pers.), Cic.: versari in simili culpa (v. Pers.), Cic.: vertere culpam alcis rei in gloriam alqā re, Plin. ep.: vitare culpam, Hor. – im Plur., ut hoc iam ante confirmem, in hoc uno genere omnes inesse culpas istius maximas avaritiae, maiestatis, dementiae, libidinis, crudelitatis, Cic. Verr., 5, 42: seraque fata, quae manent culpas etiam sub Orco, Hor. carm. 3, 22, 29: u. so Plur. noch Hor. carm. 4, 4, 36; 4, 15, 11. Vitr. 3, 1, 4. Apul. de dogm. Plat. 2, 27. Arnob. 1, 27 u.a. Auson. lud. sept. sap. praef. 14 u.a. – b) insbes.: α) die Schuld der Unkeuschheit, der Fall, culpa inter viros ac feminas vulgata, Tac.: celare culpam falsa sub imagine, Ov. – β) die Schuld der Nachlässigkeit, die Nachlässigkeit, die man verschuldet, si neque maiorem feci ratione malā rem, nec sum facturus vitio culpāve (durch Verschwendung oder N.) minorem, Hor. sat. 2, 6, 6 sq.: u. so Gaius dig. 17, 2, 72. Ulp. dig. 42, 5, 8. § 3. – 2) meton., die Schuld = der schuldige Gegenstand, continuo culpam (die Ursache der Seuche, das kranke Schaf) ferro compesce, Verg. georg. 3, 468. – II) übtr., das Gebrechen einer Sache (Ggstz. laus, Vollkommenheit), operum et laudes et culpae, Vitr. 3, 1, 4.

culpa [CL] 1 guilt, blame. b offence. si infirmitatis causa [vomitum facit], sine ~a Theod. Pen. I 1. 9 (cf. (v. communio 6a)); membra cruentabant spurco sine crimine culpae Aldh. VirgV 1760; ad omnes venias ‘mea ~a’ dicat Lanfr. Const. 174; si ‥ anima contemnens id ad quod facta est sic moritur ‥, similiter se habebit et in maxima ~a et sine omni ~a Anselm (Mon. 71) I 81; culpam vitare studeas laudemve sitire D. Bec. 92; in baptismo dimittitur ~a originalis et actualis et pena utriusque Hales Qu. 1479; macula deformat imaginem; ~a vero est in quantum ad notitiam refertur et ei debetur reatus Id. Sent. IV 337; habens barberius lanceolam in manu, apposuit eam sibi in ore; quam cum sic teneret, cecidit super pedem imperatoris et imperator fuit in ~a (M. Scot Intr.) Med. Sci. 289; [angelica natura] dicitur ‥ speculum purum ‥, immaculatum sine macula ~e originalis, incontaminatum sine contagio ~e mortalis, incoinquinatum sine infectione ~e venialis Bart. Angl. II 2; absolucio a reatu vel macula ~e mortalis Conway Def. Mend. I 412.  b juxta qualitatem ~ae peniteat Theod. Pen. I 14. 24; talis erat ~a regis pro qua occideretur Bede HE III 22; 957 (14c) Adam ‥ ~a praevaricationis inventa ‥ expulsus CS 995; 9‥ excessus, i. ~a, delicta, ‥ ægylt, GlH E 658: si ~a levis est, indulgeatur ei Lanfr. Const. 159 (cf. ib. 167: injungatur ei [monacho fugitivo] satisfactio gravis ~ae); emendabitur wita, wera, juxta ~am potius quam personam (Leg. Hen. 35. 2) GAS 566; c1218 quod clerici qui deprehensi fuerint incontinentie vitio laborare et qui ‥ suspensi officium suum exequi presumpserint ‥ pro hac duplici ~a perpetuo deponantur Conc. Syn. 62; 1451 (v. capitulum 4b). 2 redress, penalty. de illo qui ~am [AS: scyldunga] exigit de fure occiso (Quad.) GAS 157; si quis ‥ injustum judicet ‥, cxx s. ~a sit (Leg. Hen. 34. 1) Ib. 565 (cf. ib. 74. 2).

culpa, (8) æ, f. , ¶ 1 faute, culpabilité : in culpa esse Cic. Læl. 78, être coupable ; in simili culpa esse Cic. Fin. 1, 33, commettre la même faute ; culpa est in aliquo Cic. Fam. 1, 9, 13, une faute est imputable à qqn ; non est ista mea culpa, sed temporum Cic. Cat. 2, 3, ce nʼest pas là ma faute, mais celle des circonstances ; in hoc uno genere omnes inesse culpas istius maximas avaritiæ, majestatis... crudelitatis Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 42, [en affirmant] que dans ce seul chef dʼaccusation se trouvent renfermées toutes les formes les plus graves de sa culpabilité, cupidité, lèse-majesté... cruauté ; culpa corrupti judicii Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 183, la responsabilité de la corruption des juges ; alicujus rei culpam in aliquem conjicere Cæs. G. 4, 27, 4, rejeter la responsabilité dʼune chose sur qqn ; suam culpam in senectutem conferunt Cic. CM 14, ils rejettent sur la vieillesse une faute qui leur est imputable ; culpam in aliquem transferre Cic. Font. 18 ; derivare Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 49, faire passer, détourner une faute sur qqn ; culpam rei sustinere Cic. Leg. 3, 37, porter la responsabilité dʼune chose ; alicujus culpam in se suscipere Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 91, prendre sur soi la faute de qqn ; sunt ista non naturæ vitia, sed culpæ Cic. Tusc. 3, 73, ces défauts-là relèvent non pas de la nature, mais de notre responsabilité [ils nous sont imputables] ¶ 2 faute, écart passionnel : Virg. En. 4, 19 ; Ov. M. 2, 37, etc. ; Tac. Ann. 3, 24 ¶ 3 [droit] faute commise par négligence, négligence : Dig. 17, 2, 72, etc.; Hor. S. 2, 6, 6 ¶ 4 [poét., sens concret] le mal (ce qui pèche, ce qui est défectueux) : Virg. G. 3, 468 || défectuosité dʼun travail : Vitr. Arch. 3, 1, 4.

➳ forme ancienne colpa Prisc. Gramm. 1, 35.

culpa , ae. f.
罪過。愆。不及。

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culpa ae, f

• SCARP-, a fault, error, blame, guilt, failure, defect: delicti: omnes culpae istius avaritiae, maiestatis, crudelitatis: quicquid huius factumst culpā, T.: In culpā est, to blame, T.: non est ista mea culpa, sed temporum: quiin eādem culpā sint, share: in quo est tua culpa nonnulla, you are not without fault: a culpā vacuus, S.: conscia culpae, O.: ne penes ipsos culpa esset cladis, L.: culpa, quae te est penes, T.: extra culpam esse: eius rei culpam in multitudinem coniecerunt, Cs.: suam culpam ad negotia transferre, S.: in culpā ponere aliquem: Si mora pro culpā est, O.: tua aetas emovit culpas, H.: fata, quae manent culpas, H.—Person.: ludus erat culpā potare magistrā (i. e. a game in which the loser must drink), H.: Culpam Poena premit comes, H.—Poet.: Huic uni succumbere culpae, temptation, V.—Unchastity: Virginum, H.: hoc praetexit nomine culpam, V.—Remissness, neglect: rem facere culpā minorem, H.—The mischievous thing, mischief: continuo culpam (sc. ovem aegram) ferro compesce, V.

CULPA

CULPAin the most general sense denotes any wrongful act or omission (e. g. Col. 9, 4. 2; Dig. 49, 16, 14, 1) which is imputable ( quae enim in eo culpa sit, quum suae mentis non sit? Dig. 9, 2, 30, 3; si omnia quae oportuit observavit, caret culpa, Dig. 1b. 31). Taken thus generally, it includes what the Romans term dolus malus, but properly the latter is distinguished from culpa when this term is used accurately; dolus malus being an intentional and deliberate violation, whether by act or omission, of another's rights (Dig. 4, 3, 1, 2), and culpa an unintentional violation, consisting apparently always in the omission or neglect of some legal duty. It is true that damnum under the Lex Aquilia (of which below) is often the consequence of some act (e. g. Inst. 4.3, 4-8); but the act usually derives its culpose character rather from the omission of some duty than from the positive act which is done: the latter, in itself, does not entail legal liability, but because it is done wilfully, heedlessly, or rashly.

Deliberate breach of legal duty always entailed legal liability, whether the right infringed was a right of property, of contract, or one of the so-called primordial rights: illud nulla pactione effici potest, ne dolus praestetur (Dig. 2, 14, 27, 3); and no act would amount in law to a delict [CRIMEN] unless dolus were present, except in the single case of damnum or damage to property. Here, if culpa or negligence were once established, the amount of the defendant's liability did not depend on its degree: in lege Aquilia etiam levissima culpa venit (Dig. 9, 2, 44, pr.): hence the expression of the civilians, culpa Aquiliana.

It is, however, in the legal relations arising from contract and quasi-contract that the doctrines of culpa and diligentia are of greatest prominence. If a breach of his duty by a party to such a relation arose from a carelessness so excessive that no ordinary man would have been guilty of it, he was said to have shown lata culpa, and for this he was legally held as answerable as if the breach had been deliberate: lata culpa est nimia negligentia, id est, non intelligere quod omnes intelligunt (Dig. 50, 16, 213, 2). For passages assimilating and even identifying its legal treatment with that of dolus, see Dig. 11, 6, 1, 1; 17, 1, 29, pr.; 47, 4, 1, 2; 50, 16, 223, pr.; ib. 226.

Where, however, a man's carelessness was not of this extreme degree, the question whether he could be made to pay for it was determined by reference to two distinct criteria of diligence.

As a general rule he was required to show what the Roman terms exacta diligentia --that of a careful, accurate, sound paterfamilias or man of business; and where this was so he was answerable for all culpa, provided it would have been avoided by one who showed that degree of care and prudence. Modern writers call this culpa levis in abstracto; and this higher degree of diligence was required to be shown by vendors and purchasers (Dig. 18, 6, 3), hirers and letters (Dig. 19, 2, 57; Cod. 4, 6, 28), borrowers (commodatarii, Inst. 3.14, 2), depositors, pledgees (Inst. 3.14, 4), and agents (Cod. 4.35, 13; Inst. 3.27, 1).

In other relations the law was satisfied if a man was as careful as he was habitually in affairs in which he himself would be the person primarily injured by carelessness--talis diligentia qualem in suis rebus adhibere solet; here modern writers say he is answerable only for culpa levis in concreto. This standard of diligentia only was required from guardians and curators; socii (partners) inter se; co-heirs and co-legatees; lenders (commodatores), and husbands in their administration of the dos brought them by their wives (Dig. 23, 3, 17). Perhaps the safest general rule as to the degree of diligentia required in contractual and quasi-contractual relations is to say that the defendant is usually required to show exacta diligentia, but the burden of proving his culpa is on the plaintiff: in some cases, however, the defendant is excused if he can prove that he was shown such as he usually displays in the conduct of his own affairs. The broad principle seems to be that when a contract is for the interest of both parties, although their interests are adverse rather than identical, each is responsible for the least negligence (Dig. 30, 108, 12), though perplexing exceptions (such as agency and partnership) make this a difficult rule to practically rely upon. (The best treatises on this subject are the following:--Von Löhr, Theorie der Culpa, Giessen, 1805, and Beiträge zu der Theorie der Culpa, Giessen and Darmstadt, 1808; Hasse, Die Culpa des römischen Rechts, 2nd edition by Bethmann-Hollweg, 1838; and in particular Mommsen, Beiträge zur Lehre von der Culpa, in his Obligationenrecht, vol. iii. pp. 345 ff.)

[J.B.M]

Culpa

Any wrongful act or omission, whether due to intent or not. Taken generally, it includes what the Romans term dolus malus, but properly the latter is distinguished from culpa when this term is used accurately; dolus malus being an intentional and deliberate violation, whether by act or omission, of another's rights, and culpa an unintentional violation, consisting apparently always in the omission or neglect of some legal duty. It is true that damnum under the Lex Aquilia is often the consequence of some act; but the act usually derives its culpable character rather from the omission of some duty than from the positive act which is done; the latter, in itself, does not entail legal liability, but because it is done wilfully, heedlessly, or rashly. See Hasse, Die “Culpa” des römischen Rechts (1838); and Mommsen, in his Obligationenrecht, iii. pp. 345 foll.