villa

villa (rustic, vella, Varr. R. R. 1, 2, 4), ae, f. dim. [most prob. for vicula, from vicus], a country-house, country-seat, farm, villa.

• I In gen., Ter. Heaut. 731; Col. 1, 6, 21; Cato R. R. 4; Varr. R. R. 4, 4, 2; Cic. Rosc. Com. 12, 33; Poll. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 33, 5; Hor. C. 2, 3, 18; 3, 22, 5; id. Epod. 1, 29.—
• II In partic.: Villa Publica, in the Campus Martius, as the gathering-place, rendezvous for recruits, and of the people for the census, etc., Varr. R. R. 3, 2, 4; Cic. Att. 4, 16, 14; Liv. 4, 22, 7; 34, 44, 5; Flor. 3, 21, 24.—As the residence of foreign ambassadors, Liv. 30, 21, 12; 33, 24, 5.—
• • B = vicus, a village, Ap. Met. 8, 17, 1.

vīlla, ae, f. (nach Varro r.r. 1, 2, 14 in der Sprach; der Landleute vella, zsgz. aus vehela v. veho nach anderen verwandt mit vicus), das Landhaus, Landgut, Vorwerk, der Meierhof, die Meierei, I) im allg.: rustica, zum ländlichen Gebrauche, u. urbana, prachtvoll und bloß zum Vergnügen, Varro (Colum. 1, 6 in. teilt die villa in drei Teile, nämlich urbana, wo der Herr sich aufhält, das also geschmackvoller ist; rustica, wo der vilicus, vinitor etc. sich aufhält; fructuaria, wo die Früchte aufgehoben werden): villae custos (v. Hunde), Colum.: portae villarum, Plin.: villa hilaris et amoena, Sen.: villa magnifica, Cic.: villa structa lapide quadrato, Sen.: villae ei urbi proximae, Gell.: qui ager neque villam habuit neque ex ulla parte fuit cultus, Cic.: tum erat ager incultus sine tecto; nunc est cultissimus cum optima villa, Cic.: esse villam totius anni (im ganzen Jahre ein angenehmer Aufenthalt), Sen.: propterea, quia frumenta aut in agris aut in villis sunt, Cic. – II) insbes., villa publica, ein öffentliches Gebäude auf dem Marsfelde, mit den alten saepta verbunden, das den Magistraten bei Abhaltung des Zensus und bei Truppenaushebungen als Aufenthalt diente, Varro r.r. 3, 2, 4 sq. Liv. 4, 22, 7: und den Gesandten fremder Völker, denen man den Eintritt in die Stadt nicht gestattete, als Wohnung gegeben wurde, Liv. 30, 21, 12; 33, 24, 5: unter Sulla Schauplatz der Niedermetzelung vieler Tausende, Liv. epit. 88. Val. Max. 9, 2, 1. Flor. 3, 21, 24. Aur. Vict. de vir. ill. 75, 10. – eine ähnliche villa publica bei den neuen saepta von Cäsar geplant, Cic. ad Att. 4, 16, 8 (14). Vgl. Jordan-Hülsen Topogr. der Stadt Rom 1, 3. S. 480 f. 494. 572.

1 villa [CL; cf. OF vile] 1 (rural) dwelling, (country) estate, farm. b (~a regis or sim.) royal estate. 836 monasterium ‥ cum campis et pratis ‥ cum putheis ‥ et fornacibus ‥ et ~is Land-ch. 112; 839 aliquam partem terrae juris mei, hoc est unam ~am intra civitate Doroverniae CS 426; 855 (12c) dabo unam ~am quod nos Saxonice an haga dicimus in meridie castelli Hrobi CS 486; villicus ipse Saulus hebreus qui sui Creatoris villae custos fuerat factus H. Los. Serm. XI p. 298.  b juxta amnem Deruventionem ‥ ubi tunc erat ~a regalis Bede HE II 9 p. 99; in Campodono, ubi tunc ~a regia erat, fecit basilicam quam ‥ pagani ‥ cum tota eadem ~a succenderunt; pro qua reges posteriores fecere sibi ~am in regione quae vocatur Loidis Ib. II 14 p. 115; Wilborham dominica ~a regis est, ibi ij idae DB I 189va; talia gerebantur in ~a regali quae vulgari dicitur Easterige pronuntiatione Byrht. HR 6. 2 settlement (applied to variously sized territorial units consisting of a number of buildings with their adjacent land), village, vill, manor, borough, town(ship); b (in place name); c (fig.). inter montana baptizans ‥ in ~a quadam V. Cuthb. II 6; venit et ad quandam lassescens vespere villam. / plebs epulare casam villae tunc venit in unam Alcuin SS Ebor 343; concessum est ‥ sinodali auctoritate episcopis de ~is transire ad civitates, Herimanno de Siraburna ad Serisberiam W. Malm. GP I 42; c1050 maledictus sit in via et in ~a ‥ in silva et in mercato GAS 436; 1175 in ~a de Oxonia (Oxford) BBC 208; ? 1178 ecclesiam ejusdem uuille Regesta Scot. 197; dicta ~a fuit in manu domini regis ‥ et homines reddiderunt firmam Radulfo de H. RDomin 3; 1201 si non poterit habere defensionem et libertatem ~e offert defendere se per corpus suum SelPlCrown 39; 1266 ludus erat in willa IMisc 13/22; omnes liberi homines de regno Anglie, quam de ~is tam de civitatibus et burgis et alibi Leg. Ant. Lond. 122; 1300 rex ‥ afforestavit omnes ~as et hameletta subscripta cum boscis, vastis, et planis earundem ~arum et hamelettorum SelPlForest 120; 1335 quamplures scolares universitatis predicte et alii ad ~am Oxon' colore studendi ibidem accedentes Collect. Ox. I 14; c1363 in tribus paribus botarum empt' in †coilla [? l. villa] Ac. Durh. 566; major erat ville [sc. Londoniarum] Gower CT I 154; in ~a de Paris prope ecclesiam albe religionis Plusc. X 22; 1545 civitates, terras, burgos, oppida, castra, ~as, suburbia ‥ parrochias Conc. Scot. I cclxv.  b 1316 de ~a Franca et de Bello Monte RGasc IV 1622.  c adhuc hodie multos impediunt et ~a vanitatis, et jugum quinarie curiositatis, et uxor voluptatis Ad. Scot QEC 806B. 3 (~a terrae, Ir.) division of land, townland, or f. l. 1277 nos ‥ dedisse ‥ unam villam [? l. villatam] terre que vocatur Balyban ‥ cum omnibus libertatibus et liberis consuetudinibus ad eandem terram spectantibus Pipe Cloyne 37.

2 villa v. villus

vīlla, (8) æ, f. , ¶ 1 maison de campagne, propriété, maison des champs, ferme, métairie : Cato Agr. 4 ; Varro R. 1, 4, 4 ; Cic. CM 56 ; Mil. 54 ; Cat. 3, 5, etc. ¶ 2 villa publica, a) édifice public dans le champ de Mars, où se faisaient les enrôlements, le cens : Varro R. 3, 2, 4 ; Liv. 4, 22, 7 ; b) résidence où lʼon recevait les ambassadeurs, quand on ne les admettait pas en ville : Liv. 30, 21, 12 ; 33, 24, 5 || [construction projetée dʼune villa publica ] : Cic. Att. 4, 16, 14 ¶ 3 nom de divers lieux dits : Villa Jovis, dans lʼîle de Caprée || Villa Faustini, en Bretagne : Anton.

➳ vella dʼaprès Varro R. 1, 2, 14 || Décad. abl. pl. villabus Greg. Tur.

villa , ae. f.
墅。莊子。庄房。田。— candens 白玉石之莊房。

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vīlla ae, f dim.

• 2 VIC-, a country-house, country-seat, farm, villa: Charini, T.: sua: Villa quam Tiberis lavit, H.—Esp., villa publica, a public building in the Campus Martius(an office for taking the census and for enlistments), L.

VILLA

VILLAa farm or country-house. The Roman writers mention two kinds of villa,--the villa rustica or farm-house, and the villa urbana or pseudo-urbana, a residence in the country or in the suburbs of a town. When both of these were attached to an estate, they were generally united in the same range of buildings, but sometimes they were placed at different parts of the estate. The part of the villa rustica in which the produce of the farm was kept, is distinguished by Columella by a separate name, villa fructuaria.

1. The villa rustica is described by Varro (R. R. 1.11-13), Vitruvius (Vitr. 6.9), and Columella (Colum. 1.4.5f.).

The villa, which must be of size corresponding to that of the farm, is best placed at the foot of a wooded mountain, in a spot supplied with running water, and not exposed to severe winds nor to the effluvia of marshes, nor (by being close to a public road) to a too frequent influx of visitors. If there was no running stream, it was accounted of great importance that tanks should be constructed, one under cover for men, one in the open air for the beasts. The villa attached to a large farm had two courts (cohortes, chortes, cortes, Varro, 1.13). At the entrance to the outer court was the abode of the vilicus, that he might observe who went in and out, and over the door was the room of the procurator (Varro, l. c.; Colum. 1.6). Near this, in as warm a spot as possible, was the kitchen, which, besides being used for the preparation of food, was the place where the slaves (familiae) assembled after the labours of the day, and where they performed certain indoor work. Vitruvius places near the kitchen the baths and the press (torcular) for wine and oil, but the latter, according to Columella, though it requires the warmth of the sun, should not be exposed to artificial heat. In the outer court were also the cellars for wine and oil (cellae vinariae et oleariae), which were placed on the level ground, and the granaries, which were in the upper stories of the farm-buildings, and carefully protected from damp, heat, and insects. These store-rooms form the separate villa fructuaria of Columella; Varro places them in the villa rustica, but Vitruvius recommends that all produce which could be injured by fire should be stored without the villa.

In both courts were the chambers (cellae) of the slaves, fronting the south; but the ergastulum for those who were kept in chains (vincti) was underground, being lighted by several high and narrow windows.

The inner court was occupied chiefly by the horses, cattle, and other live stock, and here were the stables and stalls (bubilia, equilia, ovilia).

A reservoir of water was made in the middle of each court, that in the outer court for soaking pulse and other vegetable produce, and that in the inner, which was supplied with fresh water by a spring, for the use of the cattle and poultry.

2. The villa urbana or pseudo-urbana was so called because its interior arrangements corresponded for the most part to those of a townhouse. [Domus.] Vitruvius (Vitr. 6.8) merely states that the description of the latter will apply to the former also, except that in the town the atrium is placed close to the door, but in the country the peristyle comes first, and afterwards the atrium, surrounded by paved porticoes, looking upon the palaestra and ambulatio.

A striking difference in the general aspect of a country-house from that of a town-house lay in the fact that the blank walls of the latter were replaced by long colonnades, broken by towers, apses, and the like. Cf. the view of a villa near the sea given in a painting from Pompeii by Guhl and Koner, fig. 393.

Our chief sources of information on this subject are two letters of Pliny, in one of which (2.17) lie describes his Laurentine villa, in the other (5.6) his Tuscan. The former of these, however, was not, strictly speaking, a villa, as it had no estate or farm-buildings attached to it: the latter was connected with a large estate. There are also a few allusions in one of Cicero's letters (ad Quint. 3.1), and, as a most important illustration of these descriptions, the remains of a suburban villa at Pompeii, of which a view and a plan are given by Overbeck, Pompeii, p. 325 ff.: cf. Guhl and Koner, fig. 392.

The Tuscan villa was approached by an avenue of plane-trees leading to a colonnade, in front of which was a xystus divided into flower-beds by borders of box. This xystus formed a terrace, from which a grassy slope, ornamented with boxtrees cut into the figures of animals, and forming two lines opposite to one another, descended till it was lost in the plain, which was covered with acanthus (Plin. Nat.5.6). Next to the portico was an atrium, smaller and plainer than the corresponding apartment in a town-house. In this respect Pliny's description is at variance with the rule of Vitruvius; and the villa at Pompeii has also no atrium. It would appear from Cicero (l. c.) that both arrangements were common. Next to the atrium in Pliny's Laurentine villa was a small semicircular peristyle (porticus in D literae similitudinem circumactae, where, however, the reading O is also given instead of D). The intervals between the columns of this peristyle were closed with talc windows (specularibus; see DOMUSVol. 1. p. 686), and the roof projected considerably, so that it formed an excellent retreat in unfavourable weather. The open space in the centre of this peristyle seems often to have been covered with moss and ornamented with a fountain. Opposite to the middle of this peristyle was a pleasant cavaedium, and beyond it an elegant triclinium, standing out from the other buildings, with windows or glazed doors in the front and sides, which thus commanded a view of the grounds and of the surrounding country, while behind there was an uninterrupted view through the cavaedium, peristyle, atrium, and portico into the xystus and the open country beyond.

The details of the other chambers are less clear; and though in Castell's Villas of the Ancients there are numerous plans illustrating them, much is based upon mere conjecture (cf. Schinkel in the Architekturalbum, Part 7, Berlin, 1862). There is mention of several chambers, a room with an apse, serving as a library, and servants' rooms; while the other wing is occupied with dining-rooms, baths, a tower, at the base of which are two sittingrooms, a dining-hall, and another tower with store-rooms. Pliny further describes with much satisfaction the colonnade (cryptoporticus) which runs round the garden, and other embellishments.

In the villa at Pompeii the arrangement is somewhat different, and corresponds in its main features with the rules laid down by Vitruvius. The entrance is in the Street of the Tombs. The portico leads through a small three-cornered space, due to the fact that the building does not stand square with the road, into a large square peristyle paved with opus signinum, and having an impluvium in the centre of its uncovered area. Round this are various bed-rooms and other small chambers, and a set of bath-rooms. Beyond it is an open hall, resembling in form and position the tablinum in a town-house. Next is a long gallery extending almost across the whole width of the house, and beyond it is a large cyzicene oecus, corresponding to the large triclinium in Pliny's villa. This room looks out upon a spacious court, which was no doubt a xystus or garden, and which is surrounded on all sides by a colonnade composed of square pillars, the top of which forms a terrace. In the farthest side of this court is a gate leading out to the open country. As the ground slopes downward considerably from the front to the back of the villa, the terrace just spoken of is on a level with the cyzicene oecus, the windows of which opened upon it; and beneath the oecus itself is a range of apartments on the level of the large court, which were probably used in summer, on account of their coolness.

The other rooms were so arranged as to take advantage of the different seasons and of the surrounding scenery. (For the importance attached to a fine view, cf. Friedländer, Sittengeschichte Roms, ii.6 p. 200.) Of these, however, there is only one which requires particular notice; namely, a state bed-chamber, projecting from the peristyle in an elliptic or semicircular form, so as to admit the sun during its whole course. This apartment is mentioned by Pliny, and is also found in the Pompeian villa. Pliny's Laurentine villa its wall was fitted up as a library.

The villa contained a set of baths, the general arrangement of which was similar to that of the public baths. [BALNEAE]

Attached to it were a garden, ambulatio, gestatio, hippodromus, sphaeristerium, and in short all necessary arrangements for enjoying different kinds of exercise. [CHORTUS; GYMNASIUM. ]

Becker-Göll's Gallus, vol. iii. pp. 46-63; Schneider's notes on Columella and Varro, and Gierig's on Pliny, contain many useful remarks. The remains of the Roman villas in England have been discussed (with plans) by Mr. Neville in the Archaeological Journal, vols. ii. vi. vii. x. For Pliny's Laurentine villa, cf. Cowan's edition of Pliny, i.-ii. (with a plan), Burn's Rome and the Campagna, pp. 411-415 (with a plan), and especially Prof. Aitchison's lecture (with plans) in The Builder for Feb. 8, 1890.

[P.S] [A.S.W]

Villa

A Roman farm or country-house, of which Roman writers mention two kinds— (a) the villa rustica or farm-house, and (b) the villa urbana or pseudo-urbana, a residence in the country or in the suburbs of a town. When both of these were attached to an estate, they were generally united in the same range of buildings, but sometimes they were placed at different parts of the estate. The part of the villa rustica in which the produce of the farm was kept was called villa fructuaria.

(a) The villa rustica is described by Varro (R. R. i. 11-13), Vitruvius (vi. 9), and Columella (i. 4. 5 foll.).

The villa, which must be of size corresponding to that of the farm, is best placed at the foot of a wooded mountain, in a spot supplied with running water, and not exposed to severe winds nor to the effluvia of marshes, nor (by being close to a road) to a too frequent influx of visitors. If there was no running stream, tanks were constructed, one under cover for men, one in the open air for the beasts. The villa attached to a large farm had two courts (cohortes, chortes, cortes, Varro, i. 13). At the entrance to the outer court was the abode of the vilicus or steward, that he might observe who went in and out, and over the door was the room of the procurator (Colum. i. 6). Near this, in as warm a spot as possible, was the kitchen, which, besides being used for the preparation of food, was the place where the slaves (familiae) assembled after the labours of the day, and where they performed certain indoor work. Vitruvius places near the kitchen the baths and the press (torcular) for wine and oil. In the outer court were also the cellars for wine and oil (cellae vinariae et oleariae), which were placed on the level ground, and the granaries, which were in the upper stories of the farm-buildings, and carefully protected from damp, heat, and insects. These store-rooms form the separate villa fructuaria.

In both courts were the chambers (cellae) of the slaves, fronting the south; but the ergastulum for those who were kept in chains (vincti) was underground, being lighted by several high and narrow windows. The inner court was occupied chiefly by the horses, cattle, and other live-stock, and here were the stables and stalls (bubilia, equilia, ovilia). A reservoir of water was made in the middle of each court—that in the outer court for soaking pulse and other vegetable produce, and that in the inner, which was supplied with fresh water by a spring, for the use of the cattle and poultry.

(b) The villa urbana or pseudo-urbana was so called because its interior arrangements corresponded for the most part to those of a townhouse. (See domus.) Vitruvius (vi. 8) merely states that the description of the latter will apply to the former also, except that in the town the atrium is placed close to the door, but in the country the peristyle comes first, and afterwards the atrium, surrounded by paved porticoes, looking upon the palaestra and ambulatio.

A striking difference in the general aspect of a country-house from that of a town-house lay in the fact that the blank walls of the latter were replaced by long colonnades, broken by towers, apses, and the like.

The chief sources of information on this subject are two letters of Pliny , in one of which (ii. 17) he describes his Laurentine villa, in the other (v. 6) his Tuscan. The former of these, however, was not, strictly speaking, a villa, as it had no estate or farm-buildings attached to it; the latter was connected with a large estate. There are also a few allusions in one of Cicero's letters (Ad Quint. iii. 1) to the remains of a suburban villa at Pompeii, besides several Roman villas of which ruins exist in England.

See Becker-Göll, Gallus, iii. pp. 46-63; Overbeck, Pompeii, pp. 325 foll.; and for the remains of the Roman villas in England, Neville in the Archoeological Journal, vols. ii., vi., vii., x. For Pliny 's Laurentine villa, cf. Cowan's edition of Pliny, i.-ii. (with a plan); Burn's Rome and the Campagna, pp. 411-415 (with a plan); Aitchison in The Builder for Feb. 8th, 1890; and a paper by Dr. H. W. Magoun in the Proceedings of the American Philological Association for 1895.