ἦ

ἦ, Adv., never in the form ἦε (ἠέ):

• • I TO CONFIRM an assertion, in truth, of a surety, ἦ ὀλίγον οἷ παῖδα ἐοικότα γείνατο Τυδεύς Il. 5.800, etc.; ironically, 1.229, al.; with concessive force, it is true that . . : hence, although . . , ἦ καὶ γένει ὕστερος ἦεν 3.215: freq. strengthd. by the addition of one or two other Particles, as ἦ ἄρα Od. 24.193; ἦ ἄρα δή Il. 13.446; ἦ ῥα 4.82; ἦ ῥά νυ 6.215; ἦ γάρ 1.78; ἦ γάρ τοι Od. 16.199; ἦ δή Il. 2.272; ἦ δή που 21.583; ἦ δῆτα S. OT 429; ἦ θην Il. 20.452; ἦ κάρτα S. El. 1279; ἦ μάλα Il. 3.204; ἦ μάλα δή 5.422; ἦ μήν and ἦ μέν (v. infr.); ἦ νυ Il. 22.11; ἦ τάχα Od. 18.73; ἦ τε 13.211: and to express doubt, ἦ που, v. ἦ που and ποῦ: esp. ἦ μήν used in oaths and asseverations, Il. 2.291, 7.393, A. Pr. 73, 168, etc.; also ἦ μάν Il. 2.370, 13.354, Sapph. 94.5 L.-P.; ἦ μέν Od. 10.65 (later εἶ μήν, v. εἷ): c. inf. in orat. obliq., after Verbs of swearing, etc., σὺ δὲ σύνθεο, καί μοι ὄμοσσον, ἦ μέν μοι πρόφρων ἔπεσιν καὶ χερσὶν ἀρήξειν Il. 1.77; ἦ μέν also in Ion. historical Prose, Hdt. 4.154, 5.93, al.; ἐγγυᾶσθαι, ἦ μὴν παραμενεῖν Pl. Phd. 115d; ἐγγυητὰς καταστῆσαι ἦ μὴν ἐκτείσειν Lex ap. D. 24.39: with other Particles, ἦ μὲν δή Il. 2.798, Od. 18.257, al.; ἦ δὴ μάν Il. 17.538.
  • • 2 in the combinations ἐπεὶ ἦ, ὅτι ἢ and τί ἢ; A.D. Conj. 255.5, Synt. 307.19 (cf. Hdn.Gr. 1.520), recognizes an ‘expletive’ ἠ (παραπληρωματικὸς σύνδεσμος) perispom. after ἐπεί, barytone after ὅτι or τί. It is prob. the same as the affirmative ἦ (cf. A.D. Conj. l.c.), and occurs in the same combinations, ἐπεὶ ἦ πολύ . . Il. 1.169, al.; ἐπεὶ ἦ μάλα ib. 156, Od. 10.465; ἐπεὶ ἦ καί . . Il. 20.437, Od. 16.442. Trypho took τίη as one word, and this can be supported by τί ἢ δὲ σύ . . Il. 6.55, but A.D. (Conj. l.c.) infers from the accent of ὅτι ἢ that τί ἢ was two words. The Attic accentuation is said by Eust. 45 init., 118.39, 907.14 to be τιή, ὁτιή(qq. v.).
    • 3 this ἦ (or ἢ) is prob. to be recognized in ὥς τε γὰρ ἦ Il. 2.289, ὥς τέ τευ ἦ Od. 3.348, 19.109, where codd. have ἢ (in Od. 3.348 ἠδέ (cj. Bekker) shd. perh. be read for ἠέ).
  • II in Questions not involving alternatives:
  • • 1 Direct questions,
    • • a epexegetic of a preceding question, suggesting the answer to it, τίπτʼ εἰλήλουθας; ἦ ἵνα ὕβριν ἴδῃ Ἀγαμέμνονος; why hast thou come? is it that thou mayst see . . ? Il. 1.203, cf. 5.466, 7.26, Od. 4.710, 13.418, 17.376, B. 17.5; τί δῆτα χρῄζεις; ἦ με γῆς ἔξω βαλεῖν; S. OT 622, cf. E. Or. 1425 (ἤ codd.); τίς σοι διηγεῖτο; ἦ αὐτὸς Σωκράτης; Pl. Smp. 173a (perispom., cod. B): on the accent, Hdn. Gr. 2.112.
      • b not epexegetic of a preceding question, ἦ σύ γʼ Ὀδυσσεύς ἐσσι πολύτροπος; art thou the wily Odysseus? Od. 10.330, cf. Il. 11.666, 15.504; ἦ οὐκ ὀτρύνοντος ἀκούετε . . Ἕκτορος; do you not hear . .? ib. 506, cf. Od. 16.424; ἦ τὸ πλοῖον ἀφῖκται; Pl. Cri. 43c; ἦ οὐ δοκεῖ καὶ σοὶ οὕτω; donʼt you think so too? Id. Grg. 479b (perispom., cod. T); ἦ βούλει συλλογισώμεθα αὐτά; shall we work them (the consequences) out? ib. 479c (perispom., cod. T); ἦ τορῶς λέγω; A. Ag. 269; ἦ κἀν δόμοισι τυγχάνει τανῦν παρών; S. OT 757: freq. with other Particles, ἦ ἄρ . .; Od. 20.166, Il. 19.56; mostly ἦ ῥα . .; 5.421, 762, Od. 4.632; also in Trag. (in lyr.), A. Pers. 633, S. Aj. 172, 955: esp. to mark the first of several questions, Pi. I. 7(6).3 sqq.; ἦ ἄρα δή . .; Il. 13.446; ἦ ῥά νυ . .; 4.93; ἦ νυ . .; 15.128; ἦ ταῦτα δή . .; S. Ph. 565, El. 385; ἦ ταῦτα δῆτα . .; Id. OT 429; ἦ γάρ . .; A. Pr. 745, 757, S. OT 1000: in Att. Prose, ἦ γάρ; standing alone, is it not so? Pl. Tht. 160e, Grg. 449d, 468d; ἦ καί . .; A. Ag. 1207, 1362:—ἦ usu. begins the sentence, except that the vocative may precede, as in Il. 5.421, 762, Od. 4.632, S. OC 863, 1102, or ἀλλά, as in A. Ag. 276, Ch. 774:—by Crasis ἦ combines with ἄρα in Att. and the κοινή to ἆρα (q. v.), in all other dialects (cf. A.D. Conj. 223.24) to ἦρα (q. v.), but ἆρα is found in Pi. P. 4.78 (ἄρα codd.), al., Archil. 86, 89.
    • 2 Indirect questions, οἴχετο πευσόμενος μετὰ σὸν κλέος ἤ που ἔτʼ εἴης Od. 13.415 (v.l. εἰ, which alone has Ms. authority in Il. 1.83, Od. 19.325); ὄφρα καὶ Ἕκτωρ εἴσεται ἢ καὶ ἐμὸν δόρυ μαίνεται ἐν παλάμῃσιν Il. 8.111 (v.l. εἰ) ; ἀλλʼ ἄγε μοι τόδε εἰπὲ . . ἢ καὶ Λαέρτῃ αὐτὴν ὁδὸν ἄγγελος ἔλθω; Od. 16.138 (v.l. εἰ) ; ἀμφίστασθαι ἦ κα πεφυτεύκωντι πάντα κὰτ τὰν συνθήκαν they shall investigate whether . . Tab.Heracl. 1.125; μαντεύσασθαί οἱ. . ἦ λώϊόν οἵ κα εἴη Isyll. 34; διαφαφίξασθαι ἦ δοκεῖ αὐτὸν στεφανῶσαι IG 12(3).170.12 (Astypalaea): accented ἤ in codd. Hom., but it shd. perh. be perispom.

ἦ, for ἔφη, 3sg. impf. or aor. 2 of ἠμί (q. v.). ἦ, for ἦν, Att. contr. from Ion. ἔα, impf. of εἰμί (sum).

2. ἦ imperf. 3 sing. van ἠμί

3. ἦ imperf. 1 sing. van εἰμί.

ἦ ¹, (vgl. je, ja),
1) bekräftigend, beteuernd, fürwahr, wahrlich, traun, gewiß, Hom. u. Folgde ; ἦ γὰρ ὀΐομαι ἄνδρα χολωσέμεν, denn traun, ich meine, er wird zürnen, Il. 1.78. Oft verbunden mit anderen Partikeln, ἦ ἄρα, Od. 24.193, ἦ ἄρα δή, Il. 13.446, ἦ ἄρ, ἦ ἄρ τε, 19.56, Od. 13.357, 20.166, ἦ ῥα, Il. 16.750 Soph. Aj. 172, 934, ἦ ῥά νυ, Od. 12.280, – ἦ γάρ, freilich wohl, Il. 1.232, 293, 342.355, ἦ γάρ τοι, Od. 16.199, – ἦ δή, Il. 1.518, Od. 1.253, ἦ δή που, Il. 21.583, ἦ δὴ μάν, 17.538 ; ἦ δή τʼ ἂν εἴη πανδίκως ψευδώνυμος Aesch. Spt. 652 ; – ἦ θήν πού τοι θυμὸς ἐέλπεται Il. 13.813 ; – ἦ κάρτα, bes. bei den Tragg. häufig, Aesch. Ag. 528, 1225 Soph. Aj. 1338 ; vgl. Valcken Hipp. 1028 ; auch allein in der bejahenden Antwort, ja wohl, Soph. El. 304 ; – ἦ μάλα, bei Aussprüchen u. Meinungen, die man anzunehmen bereit ist, ἦ μάλα Ὀδυσσεύς ἐσσι Od. 19.474, fürwahr ja, so denke ich und hoffe ich, du bist od., vgl. 16.183, Il. 3.204 ; auch ἦ μάλα δή, Il. 18.12, 21.55, Od. 4.169, 333, 23.149 ; ἦ μάν, u. ἦ μέν, wie ἦ μήν, gewiß u. wahrhaftig (vgl. μήν u. μέν, u. Nägelsbach Anmerkgn zur Ilias p. 1591, von Homer an der gewöhnliche Ausdruck beim Schwur, mit dem die eigentlichen Worte desselben eingeführt werden, ἴστω νῦν Ζεὺς πρῶτα θεῶν –, ἦ μέν τοι τάδε πάντα τελείεται, Od. 14.160 ; σὺ δὲ σύνθεο καί μοι ὄμοσσον ἦ μέν μοι – ἀρήξειν Il. 1.77 ; ὄμνυσι ἦ μὴν λαπάξειν Aesch. gpt. 513 ; Soph. Tr. 255 ; Plat. Phaedr. 236e, Legg. VI.784c ; ὀμνύω ὑμῖν θεοὺς πάντας, ἦ μὴν ἐγὼ ἐθυόμην Xen. An. 5.9.31 ; c. inf. fut., ibd. 2.3.26, aor. 6.4.17 ; ὤμοσαν ἦ μὴν ποιήσειν Isae. 2.32 ; ἐπώμοσαν ἦ μὲν ἀρήξειν Ap.Rh. 2.715 ; auch ἐγγυητὰς καταστήσας, Dem. 24.39, wie ἐγγυᾶσθαι ἦ μὴν παραμενεῖν Plat. Phaed. 115d ; zu nachdrücklichen Beteuerungen, ἦ μάν, Il. 2.370, freilich wohl, 13.354, ἦ μέν, Il. 9.252, Od. 10.65, doch gewiß, ἦ μὲν δή, Il. 2.798, Od. 18.257, ἦ μήν, Il. 2.291, 7.393, 9.57 ; ἦ μὴν κελεύσω Aesch. Prom. 73 ; vgl. Plat. Phil. 18d, Euthyd. 276e ; – ἦ νύ τοι, Il. 22.11 ; – ἦ που, sicher wohl, Aesch. Prom. 519 ; Soph. Phil. 1115 ; nicht selten ironisch, ἦ πού με τελαμὼν δέξαιτʼ ἂν εὐπρόσωπος Aj. 987, vgl. Plat. Gorg. 448a, 469b, Phaed. 84d, Rep. X.595d ; – ἦ τάχα, Od. 18.73, 338, 389 ; ἦ τάχα καί, 19.69 ; – ἦ τε, Il. 16.687, 17.236, 18.13, Od. 20.194, 24.311.
2) fragend, in direkter Frage (s. ἤ 2.), wie es im Deutschen zuweilen durch denn, oder wohl, etwa, häufig aber nur durch den Frageton, nicht durch ein eigenes Wort wiedergegeben werden kann, Od. 10.330, Il. 11.666 u. sonst ; ἦ τορῶς λέγω ; Aesch. Ag. 260 ; ἦ πῶς ; Ch. 756 ; Folgde, wie in Prosa. Oft ἦ ῥα bei Hom., Od. 15.431 ; ἦ ῥά νυ, Il. 4.93 ; ἦ ῥά τι, 5.421, 762, 7.446, 9.674, Od. 4.632 ; bei den Attikern sehr häufig ἦ γάρ, sowohl Tragg., ἦ γάρ τι λοιπὸν ἐρεῖς Aesch. Prom. 747, ἦ γὰρ μετέσχες τοῦδε τοῦ πόνου Soph. Phil. 248, als in Prosa, Plat. Gorg. 469b, Rep. X.607c u. sonst ; auch ἦ γάρ allein, für sich einen Fragesatz bildend, wie nonne ? nicht wahr ? Prot. 312e, 333e ; oft auch ἦ γὰρ οὔ ; vgl. Heindorf zu Plat. Phaedr. 266d, Gorg. 468d ; ἦ γάρ ποτʼ ἔστιν ἐκπεσεῖν ἀρχῆς Δία ; Aesch. Prom. 759. In beiden Fällen steht ἦ zu Anfang des Satzes, nur in einzelnen Fällen bei att. Dichtern nach mehreren Wörtern, Eur. Hec. 1007, 1262.

ἦ ², er sprachʼs, von ἠμί, statt ἔφη, s. unter ἠμί.

ἦ 1,

3 sing. impf. ἠμί.

ἦ 2.

• • 1

    Affirmative or emphasizing particle

  • • a

      ἦ μέγα πένθος Ἀχαιΐδα γαῖαν ἱκάνει Il. 1.254. Cf. Il. 1.78, 232, 240, 255, 293, 342, etc.: ἦ μάλα δή σε διδάσκουσιν θεοὶ αὐτοί Od. 1.384. Cf. Od. 2.60, Od. 4.81, 663, 770, Od. 6.278, Od. 10.465, etc.

      With an ironical tone Il. 1.229: Od. 2.325.

      With concessive force, it is sure that, yet, although: ἦ καὶ γένει ὕστερος ἦεν Il. 3.215.

    • b

      Combined with other particles

    • • α

        ἦ μάν Il. 2.370, Il. 13.354, etc.

      • β

        ἦ μέν Il. 3.430, Il. 5.197, Il. 9.57 (yet to be sure you are young (heightening the preceding qualified praise)), etc.: Od. 10.65, Od. 11.447, Od. 13.425, etc.

        This combination introducing an oath Il. 1.77, Il. 14.275, Il. 19.109, etc.: Od. 14.160 = Od. 19.305.– ἦ μήν: ἦ μὴν Τρῶές γε κέλονται (I assure you, virtually = although) Il. 7.393. Cf. Il. 2.291.

      • γ

        ἦ τε Il. 3.56, 366, Il. 5.201, Il. 10.450, etc.: Od. 1.288, Od. 2.62, Od. 12.138, etc.

      • δ

        ἦ τοι (ἤτοι) Il. 1.68, 140, 211, Il. 2.813, etc.: Od. 1.155, 267, 307, 394, etc.

  • 2

    Interrogative particle

  • • a

      Introducing a direct question

    • • α

        ἦ ἐθέλεις . . . ; Il. 1.133. Cf. Il. 1.203, Il. 2.229, Il. 5.349, Il. 8.140, Il. 15.18, Il. 19.343, Il. 20.17, etc.: ἦ καί μοι νεμεσήσεαι; Od. 1.158. Cf. Od. 1.391, Od. 3.251, Od. 4.682, Od. 8.336, Od. 9.405, Od. 10.284, Od. 11.160, etc.

      • β

        In the first clause in questions in disjunctive form (cf. ἠέ 2): ἦ πού τις νήσων ἦε . . . ; Od. 13.234, etc.

      • γ

        Introducing a question with disjunctive force: ἦ ἀνθρώπων εἰμὶ σχεδόν; Od. 6.125, etc.

    • b

      Introducing an indirect question: τόδε εἰπέ, ἦ . . . Od. 16.138.

ἦ 3.

See ἠέ 2.

ἦ (in first position, but introducing phrase P. 9.22, 37, postponed once O. 13.63)

• a emphasising what follows. ἦ κεν ἀμνάσειεν P. 1.47 ἦ τινʼ ἄγλωσσον μέν, ἦτορ δʼ ἄλκιμον λάθα κατέχει ἐν λυγρῷ νείκει N. 8.24 ]ᾖ Διὸς οὐκ ἐθελο[ (ἔφη interp. Bury) Πα. 7B. 43. esp. πολύς; ὃς τᾶς ὀφιώδεος υἱόν ποτε Γοργόνος ἦ πόλλʼ ἀμφὶ κρουνοῖς Πάγασον ζεῦξαι ποθέων ἔπαθεν O. 13.63 κεράιζεν ἀγρίους θῆρας, ἦ πολλάν τε καὶ ἡσύχιον βουσὶν εἰρήναν παρέχοισα πατρῴαις P. 9.22 ἦ θαύματα πολλά O. 1.27
• b in combination with other particles.
• • αἦρα (=ἦ ἄρα).
  • • 1 in asseveration (v. also ἦρα, ῥα.) [ἦ ῥα Μηδείας ἐπέων στίχες (ἔφη Σ: ἦρα Schr.) P. 4.57] ἦρʼ, ὦ φίλοι, κατʼ ἀμευσίπορον τρίοδον ἐδινάθην P. 11.38
    • 2 introducing question. “ὁσία κλυτὰν χέρα οἱ προσενεγκεῖν ἦρα καὶ ἐκ λεχέων κεῖραι μελιαδέα ποίαν;” P. 9.37 τίνι τῶν πάρος, ὦ μάκαιρα Θήβα, καλῶν ἐπιχωρίων μάλιστα θυμὸν τεὸν εὔφρανας; ἦρα χαλκοκρότου πάρεδρον Δαμάτερος ἁνίκʼ εὐρυχαίταν ἄντειλας Διόνυσον; I. 7.3
  • βἦ μάν, in strong asseveration. ἦ μὰν ἀνόμοιά γε δᾴοισιν ἐν θερμῷ χροὶ ἕλκεα ῥῆξαν N. 8.28 “ἦ μάν νιν ὤτρυνον θαμὰ” P. 4.40 ἦ μὰν πολλάκι καὶ τὸ σεσωπαμένον εὐθυμίαν μείζω φέρει I. 1.63
  • cἦ γάρ, emphasising a reason. ἀκούσατ· ἦ γὰρ ἑλικώπιδος Ἀφροδίτας ἄρουραν ἢ Χαρίτων ἀναπολίζομεν P. 6.1 ἦ γὰρ αὐτῶν μετάστασιν ἄκραν[ θῆ]κε Δ. 4. 40.
  • d ἦ δή, v. δή.
  • e ἀλλʼ ἦ, v. ἀλλά.

ἦ

• 1spoke dub., ἦ ῥα Μηδείας ἐπέων στίχες (v. Wil., 387¹: ἦρα Schr.) P. 4.57, cf. Πα. 7B. 43.

ἦ : see (1) εἰμί.—(2) ἠμί.

ἦ : in truth, surely, verily. —(1) particle of asseveration, always standing at the beginning of its clause except in the phrase ἐπεὶ ἦ (sometimes written ἐπειή). Freq. in combination with other particles, ἦ δή, ἦ μάλα (δή), ἦ θήν, ἦ τε, ἦ τοι (q. v.), and esp. ἦ μήν (μέν), which may be retained even in indirect quotation, καί μοι ὄμοσσον| ἦ μέν μοι.. ἀρήξειν (representing in the direct form, ἦ μέν σοι ἀρήξω, ‘I solemnly declare that I will defend thee’), Il. 1.77, Il. 14.275.—(2) the same particle may introduce a direct question, esp. a specific question following a general one, always, however, with the expression of some feeling; τίπτʼ αὖτ.. εἰλήλουθας; ἦ ἵνα ὕβριν ἴδῃ Ἀγαμέμνονος, ‘is it that thou mayʼst behold, etc.?’ Il. 1.203, Il. 3.400, Il. 20.17; Ζεῦ πάτερ, ἦ ῥά τις ἔστι βροτῶν, κτλ., ‘pray, lives there a man, etc.?’ Il. 7.446.

ἦ

• with two chief senses, Confirmative and Interrogative:
• • ITO CONFIRM an assertion, in truth, truly, verily, of a surety, Hom., etc.; often strengthd. by other Particles, as ἦ ἄρα, ἦ δή, ἦ δή που, ἦ μάλα, etc.;—and to express doubt, ἦ που;—ἦ μήν, Ionic and Epic ἦ μέν, ἦ μάν, used in protestations and oaths, σὺ μοι ὄμοσσον, ἦ μέν μοι ἀρήξειν Hom., etc.
  • IIin INTERROG. sentences, Lat. num? pray? or can it be?— also ἦ οὐκ . . ; Lat. nonne? Particles are often added to this ἦ, ἦ ῥα, ἦ ἄρα δή, etc.