immunitas

immūnĭtas (inm-), ātis (gen. plur. immunitatium, Cic. Phil. 2, 14, 35), f. [immunis], freedom or exemption from public services, burdens, or charges, immunity (class.).

• I Lit.: (Druides) militiae vacationem omniumque rerum habent immunitatem, * Caes. B. G. 6, 14, 1: immunitas et libertas provinciae, Cic. Font. 8, 17: immunitatem (a tributis) obtulit, Suet. Aug. 40; Tac. A. 12, 61; 13, 51; Curt. 5, 3, 15: personae quibus decimae immunitatem ipse (imperator) tribuit, Mos. et Rom. Leg. Coll. 16, 9, 3 et saep.—In plur., Cic. Fam. 12, 1, 1; id. Phil. 1, 1, 3; Suet. Tib. 49; id. Galb. 15; Tac. H. 3, 55.—
• II Trop., freedom, exemption, or immunity from any thing (cf.: vacatio, vacuitas): qui det isti deo immunitatem magni muneris, Cic. Ac. 2, 38, 121: immunitates malorum, Lampr. Commod. 14.

immūnitās, ātis, f. (immunis), I) das Freisein-, der Erlaß von Steuern u. sonstigen Leistungen, dann übh. Vergünstigungen u. Privilegien aller Art, Cic. u.a. (auch im Plur., zB. Cic. Phil. 1, 3): m. folg. Genet., omnium rerum, Caes.: cunctarum rerum, Iustin.: Plur., immunitates dare, Cic.: veteres immunitates adimere, Suet. – II) übtr., das Freisein von etw., magni muneris, Cic. Acad. 2, 121. – ➳ Genet. Plur. auch immunitatium, Cic. Phil. 2, 35.

immunitas [CL] 1 exemption (from exaction, duty, or sim.): a (of person or community); b (of land or sim.). a a1184 omnium episcopalium consuetudinum ~ate gaudentes (Ch.) Bart. Exon. app. p. 148; que est hec injuriosa ~as ut exempti sitis a decimarum solutione quibus obnoxie terre erant antequam vestre essent et que solute sunt hactenus ecclesiis non personarum obtentu sed territorii ratione? P. Blois Ep. 82. 253B; data est ~as Sicambris ne pararent tributa R. Niger Chr. I 42 (cf. id. Chr. II 127: tributa eis [Sicambris] decennio remisit); 1266 (v. exemptio 2a); 1354 habeant ‥ predicti prior et canonici ‥ curiam suam et justiciam cum soka et saka ‥ et cum omnibus aliis liberis consuetudinibus et ~atibus et libertatibus (Ch. Regis) MonA VI 980b.  b c1156 (v. immunis 1b); c1190 decernimus ipsam capellam in perpetuum liberam esse a sinodalibus et gaudere omnibus ~atibus quibus gaudet monasterium de O. Cart. Osney II 435 (= Act. Ep. Linc. 147); damnat illa duo capitula de ~ate ecclesiarum ‥ quia statuunt quod domini temporales non exigant dominative tallagia vel decimas ab ecclesiasticis personis (Purvey) Ziz. 394. 2 immunity (from prosecution, penalty, or sim.), security. sicut enim multis ~atibus et eminentioribus privilegiis militia gaudet, ita acerbioribus penis subdenda est J. Sal. Pol. 602D; [Hen. II] avibus celi, piscibus fluminum, bestiis terre ~atem dedit; et sata pauperum loca pascue fecit R. Niger Chr. II 168; a1200 conquesti sunt nobis J. et W. scolares de Norhamtone quod J. de B. ejusdem ville prepositus hospicii eorum ~atem [FormOx 276: inmunitatem] violare presumpserit et, quod gravius est, ipse et ejus malefactores manus †violentes [l. violentas] in eos injecerunt et res suas asportaverunt EHR LVI 596 (cf. Act. Ep. Linc. 135). 3 inviolability, sanctity (of hallowed ground), incl. protection from actual harm: a (of churches); b (of churchmen). a potens est S. Martinus apud Deum defendere res suas . ‥ dimitte ‥ sic esse ecclesias Christi quae sunt in emunitate S. Martini et in parrochia vestra Alcuin Ep. 298; de pace et emunitate ecclesie: pacem et ~atem ecclesie sancte concessimus. cujuscunque criminis reus ad ecclesiam confugerit, pacem habeat vite et membrorum. quodsi quis in eum manus injecerit violentas et ecclesie ~atem fregerit, inprimis restituat plenarie ablata et insuper de forisfacto (Leis Will.) GAS 493; si quis appellatur, quod aut ecclesie ~atem aut alicujus cameram infregerit, si hactenus de tali crimine immunis fuerit et inculpabilis, purget se juramento (Ib.) Ib. 503; a1256 omnes ‥ qui ~atem [v. l. ~ates] ecclesie violaverint, denunciamus excommunicacionis sentenciam incurrere ipso facto Conc. Syn. 496; 1261 ab ecclesia vel cimiterio vel ab alio quocunque loco ecclesiasticam inmunitatem habente Ib. 679; 1277 quod denunciet ‥ excommunicatos omnes qui contra emunitatem ecclesie et libertatem Herefordie, depredaciones et sacrilegia commiserunt in bonis prioris de A. Reg. Heref. 132 (cf. ib. 134: contra libertatem et emunitatem ecclesie Herefordiensis); 1258 Lyndw. 255r (v. 4a infra); ~atem ecclesiarum suarum et terrarum ‥ conservant sancti supradicti quod nullus ausus est in eorum territorio malificia enormia perpetrare Plusc. X 27 p. 358; s1422 quia nil poterant, quod comedi posset, apprehendere, jussit ~atem S. Fergusii sive Feogri, quondam regis Scocie filii [sc. St. Fiacre’s, Meaux-en-Brie], infringi et violari, quam nemo immunis a vindicta audet violenter attemptare Fordun Cont. XV 34; 1453 (v. ecclesiola).  b Thomas martyr Anglorum ‥ quem [rex] non posset excutere idonee pro emunitate sua R. Niger Mil. IV 16; Gir. TH III 26 (v. ecclesiasticus 2a); 1316 petunt prelati et clerus tale remedium adhiberi ut ~as ecclesie et ecclesiasticarum personarum conservetur illesa StRealm I 173. 4 (right of) sanctuary, asylum, usu. temporary, for criminals; b (area so protected). c benefit of clergy. neque enim raptor aut fur, qui possidet et non restituit raptum aut furtum, emunitatem assequitur per verbum apostolicum ulla peregrinatione nisi restituat ablatum R. Niger Mil. IV 48; 1256 tunc ait illi “es tu ibi? ” et ille respondit “sum hic in ~ate et defensione venerabilis sancti.” et illo die rex Malginus pro restitucione anime et invencione luminis oculorum dedit illi sancto episcopo illius civitatis Llanelwy spacium ~atis et defensionis vij annorum et vij mensium et vij dierum et unius diei primum; et cum illo spacio postea immunicionem et defensionem in perpetuum Arch. Cambr. 1st S. XIV 337; 1258 quoniam ad ~atem ecclesie confugientibus tam arta ibidem apponitur custodia laycorum quod ‥ Conc. Syn. 580 (cf. Lyndw. 255 r: ~atem ecclesie, i. e. libertatem ecclesie ‥ vel dic quod ~as est privilegium quo gaudet ecclesia ut in ambitu suo non fiat pugna vel insultus vel rapina); 1261 (v. 4c infra); 1268 ad tutelam et confugium oppressorum ita inmunitatem ecclesiasticam cernimus constitutam ut eciam reos sanguinis ab hominum incursu defendat Conc. Syn. 763; 1308, 1477 (v. ecclesia 5b); 1411 licet omnes ‥ qui personas quantumcumque gravia maleficia perpetrantes ad ecclesiam pretextu emunitatis ecclesiastice obtinende ‥ fugientes ab ea violenter extrahunt ‥ sint, juxta sacrorum canonum constituciones ‥, velut violatores ecclesiastice libertatis, canonice puniendi Reg. Durh. I 162; 1464 predictus W., proprium suum reatum recognoscens, ‥ ~atem et libertatem S. Cuthberti et ecclesie sue ‥ peciit Sanct. Durh. 1; Entries 683b (v. 2 immunire 3).  b 1256 meta et limites terre ~atis sancte civitatis Llanelwy Arch. Cambr. 1st S. XIV 337; extra limites ~atis ecclesiastice Form. S. Andr. I 359.  c 1261 libertates quoque ecclesiasticas veluti ~ates ecclesiarum circa personas ad eas confugientes et de personis ecclesiasticis ut non judicentur in foro seculari ‥ habet ecclesia Conc. Syn. 688. 5 (quality of) having no part (in), freedom (from). ~as a materia Bacon VIII 31 (v. denudatio 1b). 6 innocence, sinlessness (esp. w. ref. to chastity). b lawfulness (in quot., of prospective marriage-partners). quod sola carnalis pudicitiae ~as [gl.: orceasnys] caelestis regni claustra reserare nequeat Aldh. VirgP 16 p. 245; effrenatae jugalitatis libertas efficitur securae ~atis captiva paupertas Ib. p. 246; ~as, integritas Osb. Glouc. Deriv. 295; ~atem a mendacio exprimit Abacuc [Hab. ii 3] ‥ et iterum ~atem ejus [sc. Altissimi] a peccato et a mendacio exprimit Isaias [Is. liii 9] Gros. Cess. Leg. II 3. 4; ~as a peccato Bradw. CD 455D (v. eligibilitas); ut ‥ secundus Adam cum beata virgine conparticipent in ~ate a peccato Wycl. Ente 36.  b in matrimonio quoque contrahendo semper tribus diebus dominicis vel festivis a se distantibus, quasi tribus edictis, perquirant sacerdotes a populo de ~ate sponsi et sponse Lyndw. 271 (cf. ib. f: ~ate, i. e. libertate, hoc est, an sint liberi ad contrahendum [deriv. from Conc. Syn. 146 [c1223]: de legitimitate sponsi et sponse]).

immūnĭtās, (11) ātis, f. (immunis), exemption, dispense, remise : Cic. Font. 17 ; Curt. 5, 3, 15 ; omnium rerum Cæs. G. 6, 14, 1, dispense de toute espèce de charges, cf. Cic. Ac. 2, 121 || pl., Cic. Phil. 1, 3 ; Fam. 12, 1, 1.

immunitas , atis. f.
無干涉。無染。Immunitatem habere 在格外。無涉。

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immūnitās (inm-) ātis (genplur. tātium, C.), f

• immunis, exemption from burdens, immunity, privilege: omnium rerum, Cs.: provinciae.—Fig.: magni muneris.

IMMUNITAS

IMMU´NITASImmunitas means an exemption from burdens imposed by the state ; munus, according to the definition of Paulus (Dig. 50, 16, 18), is an onus, quod cum remittatur, vacationem militiae munerisque praestat inde immunitatem appellari. Such a remission might either be granted to individual citizens of a special state from some or all of the munera imposed by that state, or to classes of individuals throughout the Roman world; or the immunitas might take the form of special exemptions granted to whole states from certain duties which they owed to Rome: and in this, its most usual form, immunitas is generally equivalent to exemption from tribute.

This immunity conferred on states was, in the earlier Roman Empire, inseparable from the idea of societas, and was not regarded as a special privilege conferred on certain favoured communities amongst the socii. According to the old Roman principle, alliance with Rome excluded stipendium of any kind. This was not only the case with the Italians, but with the allied states out of Italy. In any classification the foederatae and liberae civitates invariably appear as immunes [see SOCII]. It is true that in the less organised portions of the Roman Empire the assertion that a nation was free did not necessarily imply that it was immunis; on the conquest of Epirus in 167 B.C., though all the Illyrians were declared liberi, only some were declared non solum liberi sed etiam immunes (Liv. 45.26). But the general principle of the taxation of free civic communities did not begin until the period of the later Republic or the early Empire. We find it in the case of Byzantium, which Tacitus describes as tributary (Ann. 12.63), although after the Macedonian war it had been in alliance with Rome and had certainly not been taxed in the early Republic; and in the case of the tributary states of Asia mentioned by Tacitus (Tac. Ann. 2.47), two of which, Magnesia ad Sipylum and Apollonidea, were liberae (Strabo, 13. p. 621; Cic. pro Flacco, 29, 71). This change is specially noticeable in the East, and probably originated with Pompey's organisation of Asia. Henceforth immunitas was not a necessary accompaniment of autonomy nor even of the Latinitas which was conferred on states in the last century of the Republic and in the Empire (Mommsen, Staatsr. 3. p. 684 ff.; Marquardt, Staatsverw. 1. p. 354 ff.); and the immunitas of states became more of an exceptional political privilege. Sometimes it was a special immunity, such as the beneficium claimed by the state Tyras in Moesia that its citizens should be freed from the port dues of Illyricum (C. I. L. iii. n. 781); sometimes a general exemption from all external burdens, such as that enjoyed by Ilium (Dig. 27, 17, 1; cf. Suet. Cl. 25). A mode of establishing immunitas for a state was the conferring of the jus Italicum, which implied quiritarian ownership of the soil, and consequently exemption from the land-tribute. This was generally done when the state was declared a colonia, but a colonia so created did not necessarily possess this right (Dig. 50, 15, 8, 6, Divus Antoninus Antiochenos colonos fecit salvis tributis), although a partial immunitas might be conferred upon it (Dig. ib. Divus Vespasianus Caesarienses colonos fecit non adjecto ut et juris Italici essent, sed tributum his remisit capitis: sed divus Titus etiam solum immune factum interpretatus est). Many states in Lusitania, Gaul, Germany, Syria, and Phoenicia, were coloniae and had the jus Italicum (Dig. l. c.).

The immunitas which was conferred on classes of individuals invariably took the form of an exemption from local burdens, which was granted by Rome either to Romans or to the members of the particular state by which the burdens were imposed. In the leges by which Rome recognised the position of free states she often claimed exemptions for classes of her own citizens; thus in the Lex Antonia de Termessibus the publicani of Rome are exempted from the portoria of Termessus (C. I. L. i. f. 204, 2.35): and the Roman soldiers in the Empire were exempt from duties on all goods which they might carry into or purchase in the provinces for their own use (Tac. Ann. 13.51; Cod. 4.61, 3). For another class of munera, personal duties, such as that of being a tutor, a limit of age was fixed after which exemptions were permitted (Dig. 50, 6, 4). But, besides such special exemptions, general immunities from local burdens were granted to classes of citizens. Thus during the Empire, and probably by an edict of Augustus, all who belonged to the senatorial order, i. e. senators and their direct descendants, were freed from the munera of the community to which they belonged (Dig. 50, 1, 22, 5). They were also freed from the necessity of undertaking its honores, which in the municipia were generally regarded as munera, but they retained their position as members of their native state, and were at liberty to fill the local magistracies if they pleased (Dig. 50, 1, 23, municeps esse desinit quantum ad munera, quantum vero ad honores retinere creditur originem). Great difficulty was experienced, from an early period of the Empire, in finding citizens willing to undertake public duties in the Italian and provincial towns (see Lex Malacitana, C. I. L. ii. n. 1964, c. li.), and the classes of those who claimed an exemption from such burdens (excusatio municipalium munerum) were closely scrutinised and were constantly being narrowed. The effective grounds of such excusatio were various. One was the number of children possessed by the claimant, another the exercise of certain professions which required release from state burdens ut necessariam operam publicis utilitatibus exhiberent (Dig. 50, 6, 6, 12): thus merchants and ship-owners who supplied the state with corn, conductores vectigalium, and certain collegia and corpora of artisans were excused such duties, and a general exemption was granted to rhetors, philosophers, grammarians, and physicians practising their profession in their native state and in Rome (Dig. 27,1, 6, 8; 50, 6,6,12 ;--Cod. 10, 47 and 48).

Special immunities might further be granted to individuals: the right to confer such immunities was one that Rome reserved to herself both in the foedera and in the laws other than foedera which regulated the rights of her allied states. Exemption from military service was the most frequent of these privileges which she conferred (Lex Jul. Munic. C. I. L. i. n. 206, 1. 93, vacatio rei militaris ex foedere, Liv. 23.20, 2), but the power extended to other munera as well, and in the Lex Acilia Repetundarum of 123 B.C. militiae munerisque publici in sua civitate vacatio was conferred on any Latin who might convict a Roman citizen under this law (C. I. L. i. n. 198, 100.79). During the Empire the exemption from tribute to Rome might be conferred, in an individual case, by a beneficium of the princeps (Suet. Aug. 40).

The acts conferring such immunities on states or individuals were called beneficia (Cic. Phil. 1.1, 3; 7, 17; 2.36-Z2, 91;--Dig. 50, 15, 4, 3); they were, during the Republic, ordained or ratified by a decree of the people (Cic. Phil. 5.4, 10), and were revocable if they were no part of a sworn foedus. Some immunities of free states might be recalled by the senate through the terms of the lex data (Lex de Term. 2.6, ne quis magistratus milites introducito, nisi senatus nominatim decreverit), and in the case of a foedus being rescinded or libertas being recalled the immunitates they conferred were necessarily lost (Suet. Tib. 41). In the Empire such beneficia were conferred by the princeps, and the legal principles regulating them were, that they might be resumed again by the princeps who conferred them, and that their validity ceased with the princeps who had granted them (Mommsen, Staatsr. ii.2 p. 1126 ff.). This latter principle was instituted by Tiberius (Suet. Tit. 8) and continued down to Titus, who introduced the change of conferring all such grants by a single edict (Suet. ib.). This principle was followed by later emperors; but this did not exclude special investigation of the grounds of certain exemptions, for instance that of Tyras by Severus (C. I. L. iii. n. 781). Prescription was not in every case sufficient to establish a baseless immunity (C. I. L. 1. c. nec facile quae per errorem aut licentiam usurpata sunt praescriptione temporis confirmentur), but the principle was finally developed that immunities granted to states were understood to continue to subsequent generations (Dig. 50, 15, 4, 3). Personal immunities granted to individuals ceased in most cases with their death ( cum persona extinguuntur, Dig. l. c.; cf. Dig. 50, 6).

(Mommsen, Römisches Staatsrecht, ii.2 p. 1126 ff.; 3. p. 684 ff. and p. 474; Marquardt, Römische Staatsverwaltung, i. pp. 354-358; Madvig, Verfassung und Verwaltung des römischen Rechts, 1. p. 84.)

[A.H.G]