turbo

turbo, āvi, ātum, 1, v. a. (fut. perf. turbassit, for turbaverit, Cic. Leg. 3, 4; al. turbassitur) [turba], to disturb, agitate, confuse, disorder; to throw into disorder or confusion (freq. and class.; syn.: confundo, misceo, agito).

• I Lit.: ventorum vi agitari atque turbari mare, Cic. Clu. 49, 138: aequora ventis, Lucr. 2, 1: hibernum mare, Hor. Epod. 15, 8; Ov. M. 7, 154; 14, 545 al.: eversae turbant convivia mensae, id. ib. 12, 222; cf. in a poet. transf.: ancipiti quoniam bello turbatur utrimque, Lucr. 6, 377: ne comae turbarentur, quas componi vetuit, Quint. 11, 3, 148: ne turbet toga mota capillos, Ov. Am. 3, 2, 75: capillos, id. M. 8, 859; id. Am. 3, 14, 33; cf. in a Greek construction: turbata capillos, id. M. 4, 474: ceram, the seal, Quint. 12, 8, 13: uvae recentes alvum turbant, Plin. 23, 1, 6, § 10.— Absol.: instat, turbatque ruitque, Ov. M. 12, 134.—Reflex.: cum mare turbaret (sc. se), Varr. R. R. 3, 17, 7 Schneid. ad loc. (al. turbaretur).—
• • B In partic.
  • • 1 Milit. t. t., to throw into disorder, break the line of battle, disorganize: equitatus turbaverat ordines, Liv. 3, 70, 9: aciem peditum, id. 30, 18, 10.—Absol.: equites eruptione factā in agmen modice primo impetu turbavere, Liv. 38, 13, 12: turbantibus invicem copiis, Flor. 4, 2, 49: hic rem Romanam, magno turbante tumultu, sistet, Verg. A. 6, 857.—
    • 2 Of water, to trouble, make thick or turbid: lacus, Ov. M. 6, 364: fons quem nulla volucris turbarat, id. ib. 3, 410: flumen imbre, id. ib. 13, 889: limo aquam, Hor. S. 1, 1, 60: aquas lacrimis, Ov. M. 3, 475; cf.: pulvis sputo turbatus, Petr. 131, 4.—
• II Trop.: non modo illa permiscuit, sed etiam delectum atque ordinem turbavit, Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 50, § 123: qui omnia inflma summis paria fecit, turbavit, miscuit, id. Leg. 3, 9, 19: Aristoteles quoque multa turbat, a magistro Platone non dissentiens, id. N. D. 1, 13, 33: quantas res turbo! Plaut. Mil. 3, 2, 1 (813): quas meus filius turbas turbet, id. Bacch. 4, 9, 1 (925); cf.: quae meus filius turbavit, id. ib. 5, 1, 5 (1091); id. Cas. 5, 2, 6 (880): ne quid ille turbet vide, Cic. Q. Fr. 3, 1, 7, § 24: haec, quae in re publicā turbantur, id. ib. 3, 9, 3: cum dies alicui nobilium dicta novis semper certaminibus contiones turbaret, Liv. 3, 66, 2: ne incertā prole auspicia turbarentur, id. 4, 6, 2: milites nihil in commune turbantes, Tac. H. 1, 85: turbantur (testes), Quint. 5, 7, 11; cf. id. 4, 5, 6; 5, 14, 29; 10, 7, 6: spem pacis, Liv. 2, 16, 5.—Absol.: Ph. Ea nos perturbat. Pa. Dum ne reducam, turbent porro, quam velint, Ter. Hec. 634 (cf. I. B. 1. supra): repente turbare Fortuna coepit, Tac. A. 4, 1: si una alterave civitas turbet, id. ib. 3, 47: M. Servilius postquam, ut coeperat, omnibus in rebus turbarat, i. e. had deranged all his affairs, Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 8, 2.—Impers. pass.: nescio quid absente nobis turbatum'st domi, Ter. Eun. 649: totis Usque adeo turbatur agris, Verg. E. 1, 12: si in Hispaniā turbatum esset, Cic. Sull. 20, 57.
• —Hence, turbātus, a, um, P. a., troubled, disturbed, disordered, agitated, excited.
• • A Lit.: turbatius mare ingressus, more stormy, Suet. Calig. 23: turbatius caelum, id. Tib. 69.—
  • B Trop.: hostes inopinato malo turbati, Caes. B. C. 2, 12: oculis simul ac mente turbatus, Liv. 7, 26, 5: turbatus religione simul ac periculo, Suet. Ner. 19; cf.: turbatus animi, Sil. 14, 678: placare voluntates turbatas, Cic. Planc. 4, 11: seditionibus omnia turbata sunt, Sall. Or. Phil. contr. Lepid. 1: turbata cum Romanis pax, Just. 18, 2, 10: omnia soluta, turbata atque etiam in contrarium versa, Plin. Ep. 8, 14, 7; cf.: quae si confusa, turbata, permixta sunt, etc., id. ib. 9, 5, 3.—Hence, adv.: turbātē, confusedly, disorderly: aguntur omnia raptim atque turbate, in confusion, Caes. B. C. 1, 5, 1.

turbo, ĭnis, m. (collat. form turben, ĭnis, n., Tib. 1, 5, 3; id. ap. Charis. p. 118 P.; gen. turbonis, Caes. ib.) [1. turbo], that which spins or twirls round (cf. vertex).

• I A whirlwind, hurricane, tornado: ventus circumactus et eundem ambiens locum et se ipse vertigine concitans turbo est. Qui si pugnacior est ac diutius volutatur, inflammatur, et efficit, quem πρηστῆρα Graeci vocant: hic est igneus turbo, Sen. Q. N. 5, 13, 3: falsum est faces et trabes turbine exprimi, id. ib. 7, 5, 1; 2, 22, 2; id. Ep. 109, 18: procellae, turbines, Cic. N. D. 3, 20, 51; cf.: saevi exsistunt turbines, Pac. ap. Cic. de Or. 3, 39, 157 (Trag. Rel. p. 111 Rib.); Enn. ap. Schol. Vat. ad Ter. Heaut. 245 (Ann. v. 553 Vahl.): venti vis rapido percurrens turbine campos, Lucr. 1, 273; cf. id. 1, 279; 1, 294; 5, 217; Ov. M. 6, 310: senatus decrevit, ut Minerva, quam turbo dejecerat, restitueretur, Cic. Fam. 12, 25, 1: turbo aut subita tempestas, id. Cael. 32, 79: pulvis collectus turbine, Hor. S. 1, 4, 31: venti rotanti turbine portant, Lucr. 1, 294: ita turbine nigro Ferret hiemps, Verg. G. 1, 320: venti ruunt et terras turbine perflant, id. A. 1, 83: accendi turbine quodam aëris, Sen. Q. N. 7, 4, 1.—In apposition with ventus: exoritur ventus turbo, Plaut. Curc. 5, 2, 47 (645): circumstabant navem turbines venti, id. Trin. 4, 1, 16 (835).—
• • B Trop., whirlwind, storm, etc.: qui in maximis turbinibus ac fluctibus rei publicae navem gubernassem, Cic. Pis. 9, 20: tu, procella patriae, turbo ac tempestas pacis atque otii, id. Dom. 53, 137: ego te in medio versantem turbine leti Eripui, Cat. 64, 149: cum illi soli essent duo rei publicae turbines, Cic. Sest. 11, 25: miserae mentis, Ov. Am. 2, 9, 28: miserarum rerum, id. M. 7, 614: nescio quo miserae turbine mentis agor, id. Am. 2, 9, 28: Gradivi, i.e. tumult of war, Sil. 11, 101: virtutem turbine nullo Fortuna excutiet tibi, Luc. 2, 243: horum mala, turbo quīs rerum imminet, Sen. Agam. 196.—
• II Lit., a spinning-top, whipping-top, Verg. A. 7, 378 sq.; Tib. 1, 5, 3.—
• • B Transf., of things that have the shape or whirling motion of a top, as a reel, whirl, spindle, etc., Cic. Fat. 18, 42; Varr. ap. Serv. Verg. A. 1, 449; Hor. Epod. 17, 7; Cat. 64, 315; Ov. M. 1, 336; Plin. 2, 10, 7, § 47; 9, 36, 61, § 130; 27, 4, 5, § 14; 36, 13, 19, § 90; 37, 4, 15, § 56.—
• III A whirling motion, a whirl, twirl, twist, rotation, revolution, a round, circle (mostly poet.): cum caeli turbine ferri, Lucr. 5, 624: lunae, id. 5, 632: ignium, id. 6, 640; cf. Verg. A. 3, 573: teli (contorti), id. ib. 6, 594; cf. id. ib. 11, 284; Luc. 3, 465; Sil. 4, 542: saxi, whirling force, circular hurling, Verg. A. 12, 531: serpentis, i.e. the coiling, Sil. 3, 191: Aegaeus, whirlpool, vortex, Claud. Laud. Stil. 1, 287; so, rapax, Stat. Th. 4, 813: verterit hunc (servum in emancipatione) dominus, momento turbinis exit Marcus Dama, i.e. of whirling round, Pers. 5, 78: militiae turbine factus eques, i. e. through the round of military gradation or promotion, Ov. Am. 3, 15, 6: vulgi, i.e. a throng, crowd, Claud. II. Cons. Stil. 200.

1. turbo, āvī, ātum, āre (turba), in Unruhe-, in Verwirrung-, in Unordnung bringen, verwirren, I) eig.: 1) im allg.: mare, aequora u. dgl., unruhig-, stürmisch machen, aufregen (v. den Winden), Cic., Lucr. u.a. – comas (Ggstz. componere comas), verwirren, Quint.: u. so capillos, Ov.: u. poet. übtr. mit griech. Acc., turbatus capillos, mit verwirrten Haaren, Ov. – ne folia turbata volent rapidis ludibria ventis, Verg. – ceram (des Siegels), verletzen, Quint.: uvae recentes alvum turbant, bringen Störungen im Unterleibe hervor, Plin.: so auch hedera mentem turbat, Plin.: turbato vehementius vultu, nachdem sich sein Gesicht leidenschaftlich verzogen hatte, Petron. – refl., cum mare turbaret, unruhig-, stürmisch wurde, Varro r.r. 3, 17, 7 Schn. (al. turbaretur): et septemgemini turbant trepida ostia Nili, sind in Unruhe, Verg. Aen. 6, 800. – 2) insbes.: a) eine Menschenmenge in Unordnung-, in Verwirrung bringen, bes. als milit. t.t., ordines, aciem peditum, Liv.: absol. = Unordnung-, Verwirrung anrichten, ferae ita ruunt atque turbant, ut etc., Cic. de fin. 1, 34: als milit. t.t., (equites) modice primo impetu turbavere, Liv.: turbantibus invicem copiis, Flor. – u. so Pass. impers., totis turbatur agris, herrscht Feindesgetümmel, Verg. ecl. 1, 12. – b) eine Flüssigkeit trüben, trübe machen, ipsos pedibusque manuque lacus, Ov.: color primo turbati fluminis imbre, Ov.: limo turbatam haurit aquam, Hor. – c) mit einer Flüssigkeit vermengen, pulvis sputo turbatus, Petron. 131, 4. – II) übtr., in Verwirrung-, in Unordnung bringen, verwirren, stören, 1) im allg.: contiones, Liv.: comitia et campum, Liv. epit.: ne incertā prole auspicia turbarentur, Liv.: quae defectione turbata erant, angerichteten Verwirrungen, Curt.: non modo illa, quae erant aetatis, ordinis quaestusque, permiscuit, sed etiam in his duobus generibus, civium novorum veterumque, delectum atque ordinem turbavit, Cic.: u. so omnem ordinem consilii, Liv.: statum civitatis, den Bestand des Staates stören, Liv.: Aristoteles multa turbat, wirft (in der Erklärung) durcheinander, Cic. – spem pacis, stören, trüben (= vermindern), Liv.: und so pax turbata, Liv. – mit homog. od. allgem. Objekt oder absol. = Verwirrung-, Unordnung anrichten, quas mihi filius turbas turbet, Plaut.: quantas res turbo, Plaut.: quae meus filius turbavit, Plaut.: ne quid ille turbet, vide, Cic.: turbent porro quam velint, Ter.: at id ne ferae quidem faciunt, ut ita ruant itaque turbent, ut, earum motus et impetus quo pertineant, non intellegamus, Cic. – Pass. impers., turbatum est domi, es herrscht Verwirrung, Ter. – 2) insbes.: a) turbare rem oder censum, sein Vermögen in Unordnung bringen, -zerrütten, Bankrott machen, Iuven. u. Petron.: absol., omnibus in rebus turbarat, hatte sein ganzes Vermögen zerrüttet, war ganz bankrott geworden, Cael. in Cic. ep. – b) im Gemüte verwirren, beunruhigen, in Unruhe versetzen, stutzig machen, in Bestürzung versetzen, alqm, Curt. u. Ov.: omnes, Auct. b. Alex.: animum alcis, Curt.: mentem, Curt.: subito mentem turbata dolore, Verg.: (aber turbata mens, Geistesstörung, Wahnsinn, Tac.): omine turbata est, Ov.: cum quadru pedes monstri metu turbantur, scheu werden, Ov.: u. so aliorum turbati equi, Curt. – c) politisch Unruhen-, Wirren erregen oder anstiften, sich empören (s. Heräus Tac. hist. 1, 7, 2), Macer in Africa haud dubie turbans, Tac.: si una alterave civitas turbet, Tac.: u. Pass. impers., si in Hispania turbatum esset, Unruhen ausgebrochen wären, Cic. Sull. 57. – ➳ Archaist. Fut. exact. pass. turbassitur, Lex bei Cic. de legg. 3, 11.

2. turbo, inis, m., I) alles, was sich in einem Kreise herumdreht, der Wirbel, A) des Windes: 1) eig.: a) der Wirbelwind, Sturmwind, Cic. u. Verg.: auch verb. ventus turbo, turbo venti, turbines venti, Plaut. – b) der Wirbel, den der Wind macht, Lucr. u. Verg. – 2) bildl., der Sturm, in turbinibus rei publicae, Stürmen, Cic.: tantus miserarum turbo rerum, Sturm des Unglücks, Ov.: ille turbo civilis insaniae toto furore detonuit (tobte aus), Flor.: mentis turbine agar, es geht gleichsam im Wirbel alles mit mir herum, Ov.: o confuse nimis Gradivi turbine Varro, Kriegssturm, Sil. – von Pers., tu, procella patriae, turbo ac tempestas pacis atque otii, Verheerer des Vaterlandes, weiterähnlicher Zerstörer des Friedens und der Ruhe, Cic. de dom. 137: Alexander Magnus, vere ille gurges miseriarum, atrocissimus turbo totius Orientis, Oros. 3, 7, 5. – B) der Kreisel, ein Spielzeug der Knaben, 1) eig., Cic. u.a. – 2) übtr., jeder wie ein Kreisel gestaltete Gegenstand, wie Zapfen, Stöpsel usw., cardinum turbines tardi, Varro fr.: turbines cadorum, spitze Mündung, Plin.: turbine crescit (bucina) ab imo, Kreisform, Ov. – insbes.: a) die Haspel, Zauberhaspel, das Zauberrad, Hor. epod. 17, 7. – b) der Wirbel (Wertel) an der Spindel, teres, Catull. 64, 314; celer, Auct. consol. ad Liv. 163: conus, quem turbinem vocant, Boëth. inst. mus. 1, 3. p. 190, 16 Fr. – II) die wirbelförmige-, rotierende Bewegung, der Wirbel, Kreis, des Rauches, Verg.: des Himmels, Mondes, Feuers, Lucr.: eines Rades, Sen. poët.: einer Schlange, Kreiswindung, Sil.: eines Sklaven, den man bei seiner Freilassung herumdreht, Pers.: des Wassers, Wirbel, Strom, Stat. – bes. Wirbel = Kreiswurf, immanis, Verg.: saxi, Verg.: quo turbine torqueat hastam, Verg.: u. Wirbel = Kreisflug, celeri ad terram turbine fertur, Verg.: hasta volans... turbine, Val. Flacc. – bildl., non modo militiae turbine factus eques, im Durchkreisen der verschiedenen militärischen Grade, durch Aufrücken, Ov.: densi turbine vulgi, wogendes Gewühl, Claud.

1 turbo v. 3 turba

2 turbo [CL], turbus [LL] 1 spinning top. b cone, cone-shaped mass. parvulis balbucientibus / qui turbi lusitant in vertiginibus Walt. Wimb. Palpo 180; a toppe, trocus, turbus CathA.  b cor ‥ princeps membrum, in ~inem fastigiatum viscus D. Edw. Anat. B4v; est pars media [areae trifidae] quasi pyramis aut †trabo [? l. turbo] inversus Spelman Asp. 80 (cf. Plin. HN II 47: figuram ‥ similem metae ac turbini inverso). 2 whirlwind, violent disturbance of the atmosphere, storm; b (in fig. context, transf., or fig.); c (~ines mundi). d wind in the digestive tract. cum grandinum et aliarum ~inum fiunt tempestatumque motiones magnae Comm. Cant. I 295; furentibus foris per omnia ~inibus hiemalium pluviarum vel nivium Bede HE II 13 p. 112; ~o, venti vorago GlC T 342; gravissima in eos tempestas irruit, ~ine ventorum et fluctuum navim ‥ concussit V. Gund. 6; ex insperato de mari quasi ~o vehemens in Galliam intravit Ord. Vit. III 1 p. 6; per eos qui in rota, ut Ixion, rotantur, negotiatores ostendit, qui semper tempestatibus ~inibusque volvuntur Alb. Lond. DG 6. 5.  b bilustro supra dicti ~inis necdum ad integrum expleto Gildas EB 12; qui passionis ~ine terrente trepidaverant, fulgente resurrectionis ejus triumpho confirmati sunt Bede Hom. II 21. 231B; tunc ‥ fulmen et tonitruus transmarinorum exercituum patriam concusserat, sed sanctorum meritis hic ~o ‥ inanescebat Gosc. Lib. Mild. 19; flammatio bibliothecam ‥ rapaci ~ine concremavit J. Sal. Pol. 792B; 1160 invalescente scismatis ~ine (Lit. Archiep.) Ep. J. Sal. 87 (132); nemo ‥ fatorum ultimum avertit turbinem Walt. Wimb. Sim. 99; turba ‥ mutuo verborum ~ine turbam turbabat J. Furness Kentig. 3 p. 167; telorum turbine Walt. Wimb. Palpo 153.  c in omnibus hujus mundi ~inibus custos indeficiens Osb. V. Dunst. 19; sopitus a mundi ~inibus, clarius supernis invigilat contemplationibus Gosc. Edith 267; inter mundi ~ines procellosos Elmh. Cant. 128.  d intestina tua si ‥ sint onerata / turbine, quere locum quo possint exonerari D. Bec. 1103. 3 (understood as) one who disturbs (cf. turbator). talorum lusor, pacis turbo, joculator D. Bec. 48.

See: turbare

1 turbō, (8) āvī, ātum, āre (turba), tr., ¶ 1 troubler, agiter, mettre en désordre : mare, æquora Cic. Clu. 138 ; Lucr. 2, 1, agiter la mer, les flots ; capillos Ov. M. 8, 859, mettre les cheveux en désordre ; [poét.] turbatus capillos Ov. M. 4, 474, échevelé ; turbata cera Quint. 12, 8, 13, cachet de cire endommagé [non intact] ; ordines, aciem peditum Liv. 3, 70, 8 ; 30, 18, 10, jeter la confusion dans les rangs, dans la ligne des fantassins ; contiones Liv. 3, 66, 2, troubler les assemblées || [abs^t ], sʼagiter : Cic. Fin. 1, 34 ; Virg. En. 6, 800 ¶ 2 troubler, rendre louche, trouble : Hor. S. 1, 1, 60 ; Ov. M. 3, 410 ; 6, 364 ¶ 3 [fig.] troubler, bouleverser, brouiller, jeter la perturbation dans : Aristoteles multa turbat Cic. Nat. 1, 33, Aristote brouille beaucoup dʼidées ; auspiciorum jure turbato Cic. Phil. 2, 102, en bouleversant le droit augural || turbare turbas Pl. Bacch. 1076, faire des sottises, se livrer à des désordres ; ne quid turbet vide Cic. Q. 3, 1, 24, prends garde quʼil ne fasse qq. sottise || [sans compl^t ] mettre du désordre, du trouble : Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 123 ; Att. 2, 17, 2 ; Cæl. d. Cic. Fam. 8, 8, 2 ; Tac. Ann. 3, 47 ; 4, 1 || [pass. imp.] si in Hispania turbatum esset Cic. Sulla 57, sʼil y avait eu des troubles en Espagne.

➳ arch., fut. ant. pass. turbassitur XII T. d. Cic. Leg. 3, 11.

2 turbō, (10) bĭnis, m. ¶ 1 ce qui tourne en rond, tourbillon, tournoiement, tourbillonnement : [tourbillon du vent] Cic. Nat. 3, 51 ; Fam. 12, 25, 1 ; Cæl. 79 ; exoritur ventus turbo Pl. Curc. 647, un vent sʼélève en tourbillon, il sʼélève un tourbillon de vent, cf. Pl. Trin. 835 || [fig.] in maximis turbinibus ac fluctibus rei publicæ Cic. Pis. 20, quand se déchaînaient la tourmente et les flots sur lʼocéan politique ; illi, duo rei publicæ turbines Cic. Sest. 25, ces hommes, les deux perturbateurs de lʼétat, cf. Cic. Domo 137 ¶ 2 toupie, sabot : Cic. Fato 42 ; Virg. En. 4, 378, etc. ¶ 3 forme ronde, forme circulaire : in latum turbine crescit ab imo (bucina) Ov. M. 1, 336, la trompe va sʼélargissant à son extrémité arrondie [= se termine par un pavillon évasé] || [toute espèce dʼobjets de forme circulaire] : bobine, fuseau dans les opérations magiques : Hor. Epo. 17, 7 ; [peson du fuseau] Catul. 64, 314 || forme conique [de la toupie], [dʼoù] cône : turbines cadorum Plin. 27, 14, = cadi turbinati, récipients de forme conique ¶ 4 mouvement circulaire, tourbillon circulaire : Lucr. 5, 624 ; 5, 632 ; 6, 640 || [poét.] ingentis turbine saxi Virg. En. 12, 531, au moyen dʼune énorme pierre lancée en tournoyant ; déroulement tortueux dʼun serpent] Sil. 3, 191 ; momento turbinis Pers. 5, 78, dans lʼespace dʼune simple pirouette [pour affranchir un esclave le maître le faisait tourner sur lui-même] || [fig.] militiæ turbo Ov. Am. 3, 15, 6, le cercle des grades militaires ; vulgi Claud. Cons. Stil. 200, les remous dʼune foule.

turbo , inis. m.
旋風。暴風。旋轉。蛇繞。猛撞。耍它羅。尖圓體。紡車。旋水。亂。災。— conchae 旋蛤。— vulgi 衆多人。Aegeus turbo 暴風之海。Ruit aequore turbo 暴風遊海。

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turbo , as, are.
攙雜。素亂。謆惑。打倒。殺。浪費。封舖。— rationes 混雜帳薄。封舖。— alium 攪齓人。

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turbō (1) āvī, ātus (turbāssitur for turbātum erit, C.), āre

• turba, to make an uproar, move confusedly, be in disorder: instat, turbatque (Achilles), rages, O.: turbant trepida ostia Nili (i. e. trepidant), V.—To disturb, agitate, confound, disorder, throw into confusion: mare ventorum vi turbari: hibernum mare, H.: eversae turbant convivia mensae, O.: turbatis capillis stare, O.: turbata capillos, O.—In war, to throw into disorder, break, disorganize: equitatus turbaverat ordines, L.: Hic rem Romanam, magno turbante tumultu, Sistet, V.—Of water, to trouble, make thick, turbid: lacūs, O.: limo aquam, H.—Fig., to make confusion, cause disorder: turbent porro, quam velint, T.: omnibus in rebus turbare, i. e. derange all his affairs: si una alterave civitas turbet, Ta.: si in Hispaniā turbatum esset: totis Usque adeo turbatur agris, i. e. there is confusion, V.—To confound, confuse, disturb, unsettle: non modo illa, quae erant aetatis, permiscuit, sed etiam turbavit: ne quid ille turbet vide: ne incertā prole auspicia turbarentur, L.

turbō (2) inis, m

• 1 turbo, that which whirls, a whirlwind, hurricane, tornado: saevi exsistunt turbines, Pac. ap. C.: validi venti, O.: turbo aut subita tempestas: pulvis collectus turbine, H.: venti terras turbine perflant, V.—A spinning-top, whip-top: volitans sub verbere, V.—A magic wheel, wheel of fortune: solve turbinem, H.—A whorl, spiral, twist: bucina, in latum quae turbine crescit ab imo, O.: suāpte naturā versari turbinem.—A whirl, round, circle: nubes Turbine fumans piceo, i. e. of black curling smoke, V.—A whirling motion, revolution: teli (contorti), V.: Murranum ingentis turbine saxi Excutit, i. e. with a huge whirling stone, V.: militiae turbine factus eques, i. e. through the round of promotion, O.—Fig., a whirlwind, storm: in maximis turbinibus rei p. navem gubernare: tu, turbo ac tempestas pacis atque oti, disturber: mentis, O.

TURBO

TURBO(στρόβιλος, βέμβιξ), anything that, turns round with a whirring noise: hence (1) a top (Cic. de Fato, 16, 42; Verg. A. 7.378, Tibull. 1.5, 3; Pers. 3.51). In all these passages the top is a whipping-top, except in the passage of Cicero, where the argument (see Gell. 7.2) appears to imply a top which, set going, is left to spin of itself, like a humming-top. In Greek there seem to be distinct words for the two kinds of tops (cf. Grasberger, Erziehung, 1.77-80): βέμβιξ is clearly a whipping-top (Aristoph. Av. 1461; Cleobul. ap. Diog. Laert.); and it is equally plain that we must take στρόβιλος in Plat. Rep. 4. p. 436 E and Plut. Lys. 12to be, like our humming-tops, spun by a string, without the lash to keep it going. We find in Homer (Hom. Il. 14.413) the form στρόμβος, which may be either, as far as the sense of the passage guides us, but would naturally be taken as = στρόβιλος. Κῶνος is given by Photius and Hesychius as a synonym of στρόβιλος: but our only description of it refers to the religious use mentioned below (3). The dictionaries give top as the meaning of ῥόμβος, citing Eur. Hel. 1362, where, however, it is clearly not a top, and its use is religious. We doubt if it was ever an equivalent either of βέμβιξ or στρόβιλος.

(2) Turbo is also used (Cat. 64, 314) for the whorl (σφόνδυλος) of a spindle, for which the usual name is verticillus [FUSUS]. In the five passages of Pliny, which the dictionaries quote for this use of the word (as also in Ov. Met. 1.336), a more careful examination will show that turbo is there used merely to express a conical shape.

(3) The precise form of the instrument used in religious mysteries and witchcraft, and spoken. of as turbo, rhombus, κῶνος and ῥόμβος, is a more difficult puzzle. A comparison of the authorities in Latin and Greek leads us to the conclusion that all four are the same thing, which was called κῶνος because of its shape and ῥόμβος because of the sound which it made. It is described by Clement of Alexandria (Protrept. 2.17=p. 16) and Arnobius as being used in the mysteries of Dionysus: it was attached by a string and whirled in the air with a rushing noise, as the Scholiast explains (κῶνος· ξυλάριον οὗ ἐξῆπται τὸ σπαρτίον καὶ ἐν ταῖς τελεταῖς ἐδονεῖτο ἵνα ροιζῇ), with which agrees the passage of Euripides mentioned above, where the ῥόμβοι of the Bacchanals are whirled round in the air. Similarly in the magic use we find the rhombus turned to the accompaniment of the incantation (Prop. 2.28, 35) by means of strings attached to it (cf. staminea, Id. 3.6, 26; licia, Ov. Am. 1.8, 7). The uses of the turbo in Hor. Epod. 17.7 and the rhombus in Mart. 9.30are clearly identical. Similarly the metal ῥόμβος in Theocr. Id. 2.30 is whirled round while the incantation is sung; but in this instance the ἵυγξ is bound on it (cf. Xen. Mem. 3.1. 1, 17). To this refers the mention in Photius, ῥόμβος ὃν ἔχουσιν οἱ ἐπιθειάζοντες ὡς τύμπανον, a misunderstanding of which, and of the Schol. ad. Apollon. 1.1139, has led to the strange idea that the ῥόμβος was sometimes a drum or a tambourine. We may take Photius to mean that the sorcerers used both the rhombus and the tympanum in their conjuring, as in fact the witch in Theocritus does (2.36), and as the Bacchanals did.

Mr. Andrew Lang has argued with great ingenuity that the ῥόμβος or κῶνος in the mysteries resembled the Australian turndun, which is whirled round by a string, making a rushing noise, and is used in sacred rites (Custom and Myth, pp. 29 ff.). The shape, however, in Greece we must imagine to have been that of a cone or peg-top, not pointed at both ends like the turndun or bull-roarer. That in its first origin the ῥόμβος or κῶνος was a weather-charm seems to us very probable. But we think it less likely that it had to do with raising the wind, which indeed is seldom prayed for, than with attracting the sun. It is possible that a symbolical figure may in some religious uses have been bound upon it, as the ἴυγξ was in some magical practices, and it is easily conceivable that the same method might be employed to draw the heavenly bodies and to draw human beings. There is, no doubt, the simpler explanation that it was used in the mysteries as a plaything merely to represent the childhood of Dionysus (cf. Lobeck, Aglaophamus, p. 700); but then we lose all clue to its magic use, and all connexion with the similar customs which Mr. Lang has adduced.

[G.E.M]

Turbo

(βέμβιξ, ῥόμβος, στρόμβος). A humming-top used by Greek and Roman children, and made to revolve by whipping (Verg. Aen. vii. 378; Tibull. i. 5, 3). It appears to have resembled those used by children in modern times.