περ

περ (A), enclit. Particle, adding force to the word to which it is added, prob. a shortd. form of περί (q. v.) in the sense of

• very much, however much.—Chiefly Ep. and Lyr.; also in Trag. with relats. and parts.:
• • • 1 in Hom. freq. with Adj. and part. ὤν, ἐπεί μʼ ἔτεκές γε μινυνθάδιόν π. ἐόντα all shortlived as I am, Il. 1.352; φίλην π. ἐοῦσαν ib. 587; Ἰθάκης κραναῆς π. ἐούσης 3.201: mostly concessive like καίπερ (q. v.), ἀγαθός π. ἐών however brave thou art, 1.131, al.; κρατερός π. ἐών 15.164; κύνεός π. ἐών 9.373; δουρικτητήν π. ἐοῦσαν ib. 343; μέγαν π. ἐόντα 5.625: so in Trag., ἄελπτά π. ὄντα A. Supp. 55 (lyr.); γενναῖός π. ὤν S. Ph. 1068: with a Subst., ἀλόχῳ π. ἐούσῃ Il. 1.546; γυνή π. οὖσα A. Th. 1043: with Adj. and Subst., λιγύς π. ἐὼν ἀγορητής Il. 2.246: with καί preceding, καὶ κρατερός π. ἐών 15.195, etc.: with the part. ὤν omitted, φράδμων π. ἀνήρ however shrewd, 16.638; κρατερός π. 21.63; χερείονά π. 17.539; καὶ θεός π. A. Ag. 1203, cf. 1084: with parts., ἱεμένων π. however eager, Il. 17.292; καὶ ἀχνύμενός π. ἑταίρου grieved though he was for . ., 8.125.
    • 2 intens., ἐλεεινότερός π. more pitiable by far, 24.504; μίνυνθά π. for a very little, 1.416, 13.573; ὀλίγον π. 11.391; πρῶτόν π. first of all, 14.295; ὑστάτιόν π. 8.353; ὀψέ π. Pi. N. 3.80: to strengthen a negation, οὐδὲ . . π. not even, not at all, οὐδʼ ὑμῖν ποταμός π. ἐΰρροος ἀρκέσει Il. 21.130, cf. 8.201, 11.841, 21.410, Od. 1.59, 3.236; μή ποτε καὶ σὺ γυναικί π. ἤπιος εἶναι 11.441; ἢν μή π. Hdt. 6.57.
    • 3 to give emphasis, ἀλλὰ καὶ αὐτοί π. πονεώμεθα Il. 10.70; ἡμεῖς δʼ αὐτοί π. φραζώμεθα 17.712; σθένος ἀνέρος ἀμφότεροί π. σχῶμεν 21.308: esp. at any rate, τιμήν π. μοι ὄφελλεν ἐλλυαλίξαι honour (whatever else) he owed me, 1.353, cf. 2.236, 17.121, 239; τόδε π. μοι ἐπικρήηνον ἐέλδωρ 8.242: in imper. clauses with the pers. Pron., ἀλλὰ σύ π. μιν τῖσον at all events, 1.508: in the apodosis of a conditional sentence, εἰ δέ τοι Ἀτρεΐδης μὲν ἀπήχθετο . ., σὺ δʼ ἄλλους π. . . ἐλέαιρε 9.301, cf. 11.796, 12.349.
  • II after Conjs. and relat. words, with which it commonly coalesces:
  • • 1 after hypothetical Conjs., v. εἴπερ.
    • 2 after temporal Conjs., ὅτε π. just when, Il. 4.259, 5.802, etc.; ἦμος . . π. 11.86; ὅταν π. S. OC 301, etc.; πρίν π. before even, Il. 15.588.
    • 3 after causal Conjs., v. ἐπείπερ, ἐπειδήπερ ; διʼ ὅ τι π. just because, Hdt. 4.186.
    • 4 after relats., v. ὅσπερ, οἷός περ, ὅσοσπερ, ἔνθαπερ, ὅθιπερ, οὗπερ, ᾗπερ, ὥσπερ.
    • 5 after the comp. particle, v. ἤπερ, ἠέπερ.
    • 6 after καί, v. καίπερ.

περ (B), Aeol. for περί.

περ

enclitic

[shorter form of περί.]

• • 1

    Intensive particle, very, even, indeed, just, or the like : ἀγαθός περ ἐών (you the great warrior, i.e. implying that he should be content with that) Il. 1.131, ὡς ἔσεταί περ 211, τιμήν πέρ μοι ὄφελλεν ἐγγυαλίξαι (honour, surely, he ought to have . . .) 353, οἴκαδέ περ νεώμεθα (let us not stop short of home) Il. 2.236, ἀλλά περ οἶος ἴτω (even if he come alone) Il. 12.349. Cf. Il. 1.260, 416, Il. 3.201, Il. 4.263, Il. 11.391, 789, Il. 13.72, Il. 14.295, Il. 15.604, etc. : σοί περ (thee whom it might be expected to touch) Od. 1.59, οὔ κε θανόντι περ ὧδʼ ἀκαχοίμην (if I had just his death to mourn) 236, κηδόμενοί περ (in our sore trouble) Od. 3.240. Cf. Od. 1.315, Od. 2.305, Od. 3.236, Od. 4.819, Od. 8.360, 547, Od. 13.294, etc.

    With εἰ, ἤν Il. 1.81, 580, Il. 2.123, Il. 19.32, Il. 22.487, etc.: Od. 1.167, 188, 204, Od. 2.246, Od. 8.355, etc.

    With relatives : ὅς περ, ὅ περ Il. 2.318, Il. 9.367, Il. 13.638, etc. : Od. 2.156, Od. 7.55, Od. 11.630, etc.– οἷός περ Il. 5.340, etc. : Od. 11.394, etc.– ὅθι περ Il. 2.861, etc. : Od. 4.627, etc.– ὅθεν περ Od. 3.321, Od. 21.142.– ἔνθα περ Il. 6.379, etc. : Od. 1.128, etc.– ἔνθεν περ Od. 21.243= 392.

  • 2

    With a sense of opposition, though, even though (gen. in ppl. construction) : ἀχνύμενός περ (however much . . .) Il. 1.241, μινυνθάδιόν περ ἐόντα (short-lived though I be) 352, σύ πέρ μιν τεῖσον (since Agamemnon will not) 508, ἀνάσχεο κηδομένη περ 586. Cf. Il. 1.546, Il. 2.246, Il. 3.159, Il. 5.94, Il. 9.301 (if not him), Il. 14.375, Il. 21.185, etc. : ἱέμενός περ Od. 1.6. Cf. Od. 1.288, 309, Od. 2.249, Od. 5.209, Od. 6.136, Od. 9.57, Od. 11.111, etc.– For καὶ . . . περ, καί περ see καί 6.

    With ἔμπης. See ἔμπης 4.

περ

• • a emphatic particle. ὅθεν περ καὶ Ὁμηρίδαι ῥαπτῶν ἐπέων τὰ πόλλʼ ἀοιδοὶ ἄρχονται N. 2.1 παίδων δὲ παῖδες ἔχοιεν αἰεὶ γέρας τό περ νῦν καὶ ἄρειον ὄπιθεν (fort. τό περ = ὅπερ) N. 7.101
  • b concessive particle. ἴυξεν δʼ ἀφωνήτῳ περ ἔμπας ἄχει P. 4.237 ἐγὼ τόδε τοι πέμπω μεμιγμένον μέλι λευκῷ σὺν γάλακτι, ὀψέ περ N. 3.80 [περ ἄν (codd.: πέραν Hermann) N. 7.75]
  • c καί περ, v. καίπερ: ὅς περ, v. ὅσπερ.

περ : enclitic particle, giving emphasis or prominence to an idea, usually to what immediately precedes it, very, at least, even, just, etc. ἐπεί μʼ ἔτεκές γε μινυνθάδιόν περ ἐόντα, ‘for a very short life,’ Il. 1.352, 416, Il. 3.201; here belongs the use with participles denoting opposition (concession), so καίπερ, where πέρ itself of course does not mean ‘although,’ but the logical relation of the part. is emphasized, οὔ τι δυνήσεαι ἀχνύμενός περ| χραισμεῖν, ‘however distressed,’ ‘distressed tho’ you be,’ i. e. though very distressed, Il. 1.241. πέρ is freq. appended to other particles, conditional, temporal, etc., and to all relative words, ὡς ἔσεταί περ (ὥσπερ), ‘just as,’ Od. 19.312; ἔνθα περ, εἴ περ, ‘that is if’; ἐπεί περ, see ὅσπερ.

περ

• • Ienclit. Particle, adding force to the word to which it is added: when this is a Noun, the part. ὤν or ἐών is added, μινυνθάδιόν περ ἐόντα all shortlived as I am, Il.; ἀγαθός περ ἐών however brave he be, Lat. quamvis fortis, Il.; ἀλόχῳ περ ἐούσῃ though she be my wife, Il.; the part. ὤν is often omitted, φράδμων περ ἀνήρ however shrewd, Il.; κρατερός περ, θεοί περ Hom.; also subjoined to other participles, ἱεμένων περ however eager, Il.; ἀχνύμενός περ grieved though he be, etc.
  • • 2sometimes it simply adds force, ἐλεεινότερός περ more pitiable by far, Il.; μίνυνθά περ for a very little, ὀλίγον περ Il.:—also to strengthen a negation, οὐδέ περ no, not even, not at all, οὐδʼ ὑμῖν ποταμός περ ἐΰρροος ἀρκέσει Il.
    • 3to call attention to one or more things of a number, however, at any rate, τιμήν πέρ μοι ὄφελλεν ἐγγυαλίξαι honour however (whatever else) he owed me, Il.; τόδε πέρ μοι ἐπικρήηνον ἐέλδωρ this vow at all events, Il.
  • IIadded to various Conjunctions and Relative words, with which it may form one word:
  • • 1after hypothetical Conjs., v. εἴπερ.
    • 2after temporal Conjs., ὅτε περ just when, Il.; ὅταν περ Soph.
    • 3after Causal Conjs., v. ἐπείπερ, ἐπειδήπερ.
    • 4after Relatives, v. ὅσπερ, οἷός περ, ὥσπερ.
    • 5after καί, v. καίπερ.