χαλκός

χαλκός, Cret. καυχός GDI 5011.4 (iii B. C.), ὁ:—

• copper, χ. ἐρυθρός Il. 9.365; with reference to its polished surface, αἶθοψ, ἦνοψ, νῶροψ, φαεινός, 4.495, 16.408, 2.578, 12.151; Τρῶες . . χαλκῷ μαρμαίροντες 13.801; πεδίον . . λάμπετο χαλκῷ 20.156; τῆλε δὲ χ. λάμφʼ ὥς τε στεροπή 10.153, cf. 11.65, 19.363; σάκος . . χαλκῷ παμφαῖνον 14.11; and of the ornaments of a house, χαλκοῦ τε στεροπήν Od. 4.72; of copper as the first metal that men learnt to smelt and work, τῶν δʼ ἦν χάλκεα μὲν τεύχεα, χάλκεοι δέ τε οἶκοι, χαλκῷ δʼ εἰργάζοντο, μέλας δʼ οὐκ ἔσκε σίδηρος Hes. Op. 151; χ. ἐρυθρός (cf. supr.) Hp. Ulc. 17, Thphr. Lap. 57, Callix. 1; χ. ἐρυθρὸς καὶ λευκός Thphr. Od. 71; χ. Κύπριος Posidon. 52J., Dsc. 1.102, cf. Polyaen. 3.10.14; alloyed with tin to form bronze, the usual meaning of the word in Hom. (v. infr. II) and freq. in later writers: σίδηρος δὲ καὶ χ. πολέμων ὄργανα Pl. Lg. 956a, etc.; χ. κεκραμένος D.Chr. 28.3.
• • II in Poets freq. for anything made of metal, esp. of arms (hence Pi. calls it πολιός, the proper epith. of iron, P. 3.48); of offensive arms, ὀξέϊ χαλκῷ, νηλέϊ χ., of a spear, a sword, Il. 4.540, 3.292, al.; of a knife, 1.236, al.; of an axe, 13.180, Od. 5.244, al.; of a fish-hook, Il. 16.408; of defensive arms, as the plates laid on a shield, 20.275; χαλκὸν ζώννυσθαι, of a warrior girding on his armour, 23.130; κεκορυθμένος, αἴθοπι χ. 4.495; ἐδύσετο νώροπα χ. 2.578; of both combined, πλάγχθη δʼ ἀπὸ χαλκόφι χαλκός the spear of bronze glanced off the helm of bronze, 11.351.
  • • 2 of vessels, copper, cauldron, urn, 18.349, Od. 8.426; of a cinerary urn, S. El. 758; collectively of bronze plate, χ. μυρίος, Pi. N. 10.45; θάλαμον . ., ὅθι νητὸς χρυσὸς καὶ χ. ἔκειτο Od. 2.338, cf. 13.19, 21.10, 62, Il. 2.226; used in payment of ransom, 22.50, cf. 340, Od. 5.38.
    • 3 of a bronze mirror, A. Fr. 393, Call. Lav.Pall. 21, Ap 6.210 (Philet.); used as a burning-glass, Thphr. Ign. 73.
    • 4 collectively, copper money, IPE 12.24.15 (Olbia, iv B. C.), Ev.Matt. 10.9, Ev.Marc. 12.41, cf. ἰσόνομος II; generally, money, opp. κύαμοι, IG 14.423 ii 21 (Tauromenium), cf. BGU 822.12 (iii A. D.), etc.; χαλκοῦ σπάνις Men. Mon. 156; χαλκὸν ἔχων πῶς οὐδὲν ἔχεις μάθε AP 11.167 (Pollian.).
    • 5 = χάλκωμα, bronze plate or tablet, τὰν προξενίαν γράψαντας εἰς χαλκὸν ἀνθέμεν IG 9(1).682 (Corcyra, iv B. C.); οὐετρανοὶ οἱ χωρὶς χαλκῶν, who have not received bronze copies of the privileges granted on discharge, BGU 113.5 (ii A. D.), etc.
    • 6 a weight, 1/8 obol, Gal. 19.752.
  • III χαλκοῦ ἄνθος, particles thrown off by copper when cooling, Hp. Mul. 1.104, Ph. Bel. 102.34, Dsc. 5.77.
  • • • b χαλκοῦ λεπίς, small pieces that scale off under the hammer, ib. 78. (Perh. cf. Lith. geležìs ‘iron’.)

χαλκός, ὁ, Erz, Metall, bes. Kupfer, als das erste Metall, das man schmelzen und bearbeiten lernte, vgl. Schol. Ap.Rh. 1.430 u. Hes. O. 150, τοῖς δʼ ἦν χάλκεα μὲν τεύχεα, χάλκεοι δέ τε οἶκοι, χαλκῷ δʼ ἐργάζοντο, μέλας δʼ οὐκ ἔσκε σίδηρος ; als nachher auch das Eisen geschmiedet wurde, übertrugen die Dichter das Wort auch auf Eisen ; Hom. bezeichnet es noch als ἐρυθρός, Il. 9.365, u. nennt es neben Eisen, χαλκός τε χρυσός τε πολυκμητός τε σίδηρος 6.48, 11.133, vgl. Od. 21.10, 61, wo aus Kupfer gearbeitete Gefäße u. Geräte zu verstehen sind ; ἄλλοι μὲν χαλκῷ, ἄλλοι δʼ αἴθωνι σιδήρῳ Il. 7.473 ; Panzer u. Harnisch sind bei Hom. aus χαλκός, εἰλυμένοι αἴθοπι χαλκῷ 18.512, ἐν δʼ αὐτὸς ἐδύσετο νώροπα χαλκόν 2.578, κεκορυθμένος αἴθοπι χαλκῷ 4.495, u. öfter ; eben so das Schwert, dah. oft νηλέϊ χαλκῷ ; das Beil, 23.118 ; auch Verzierung, ἅρματα ποικίλα χαλκῷ, 4.226 u. öfter ; Kessel, ἀμφὶ πυρὶ χαλκὸν ἰήνατε, θέρμετε δʼ ὕδωρ Od. 8.426 ; Pind. nennt es πολιός, P. 3.48, also wohl Eisen, u. öfter ; Aesch. verbindet χαλκόν, σίδηρον, ἄργυρον, χρυσόν τε, Prom. 500 ; aber χαλκοῦ βαφάς geht auf Stählung des Eisens, Ag. 598 ; ἐν βραχεῖ χαλκῷ, von einem kupfernen Gefäße, Soph. El. 748 ; Plat. verbindet χαλκὸς καὶ σίδηρος, Legg. III.678c ; χαλκὸς καὶ σίδηρος πολέμων ὄργανα XII.956a. – Eine Kupfermünze, der achte Teil des Obols, u. übh. Kupfergeld, Sp. oft. – Später unterschied man verschiedene Arten und Mischungen des Kupfers ; χαλκὸς μέλας Philostr.; das gemeine Kupfer auch χ. Κύπριος, weil die Griechen in ältester Zeit ihr Kupfer aus Kypros erhielten ; davon das lat. cuprum, unser Kupfer ; χαλκὸς λευκός, weißes Kupfer, eine Art Prinzmetall, χ. ἐρυθρός, Messing, Ath. V.205 ; χ. κεκραμένος, gemischtes Kupfer, Bronze. – Man leitet das Wort von χαλάω ab, weil man die Dehnbarkeit des Metalls am Kupfer zuerst in bes. hohem Grade wahrnahm.

χαλκός

-οῦ, ὁ. Ablative χαλκόφι Il. 11.351.

• • 1

    Copper, but commonly, esp. in reference to weapons, signifying copper hardened by an admixture of tin, i.e. bronze (sometimes impossible to say whether the pure metal or the alloy is meant): πλεῖαί τοι χαλκοῦ κλισίαι Il. 2.226, δοῦρε κεκορυθμένα χαλκῷ Il. 3.18. Cf. Il. 4.226, Il. 6.48, 504, Il. 7.223, 473, Il. 9.137, Il. 13.406, Il. 14.11, Il. 15.389, Il. 20.275, Il. 22.50, Il. 23.549, etc. : ὅθι νητὸς χαλκὸς ἔκειτο Od. 2.338. Cf. Od. 1.99, 184, Od. 4.72, Od. 5.38, Od. 13.19, 136, Od. 22.125, etc.

  • 2

    Applied to things made or partly made of copper or bronze.

  • • a

      To spears or darts: ὄρνυτο χαλκῷ Il. 3.349, πάγη ἐν πνεύμονι χαλκός Il. 4.528. Cf. Il. 3.348, Il. 5.74, 75, 538, Il. 7.247, Il. 11.351, Il. 13.388, Il. 16.345, Il. 21.593, etc.: Od. 22.278, 295, Od. 24.524.

      Specifically to the head of the spear: τῆλε χαλκὸς λάμπεν Il. 10.153, Il. 11.44. Cf. Il. 22.134.

    • b

      To an arrow: κυλινδόμενος περὶ χαλκῷ Il. 8.86.

    • c

      To a shield: περιήχησε χαλκός Il. 7.267.

    • d

      To helmets: ταρβήσας χαλκόν τε ἰδὲ λόφον Il. 6.469. Cf. Il. 11.351.

    • e

      To armour or armament in general: ἀπὸ χαλκοῦ αἴγλη οὐρανὸν ἶκεν Il. 2.457, ἐδύσετο χαλκόν 578. Cf. Il. 4.420, 495, Il. 7.206, Il. 11.65, Il. 12.151, Il. 13.191, Il. 16.636, Il. 16.376, Il. 18.522, Il. 19.363, Il. 23.130, etc.: Od. 6.268= Od. 17.437, Od. 21.434, Od. 22.113, Od. 23.369, Od. 24.467 = 500.

    • f

      To knives: στομάχους (στόμαχον) τάμε χαλκῷ Il. 3.292, Il. 19.266. Cf. Il. 3.294, Il. 21.37.–

    • g

      To a fish-hook: λίνῳ καὶ χαλκῷ Il. 16.408 .–

    • h

      To tripods: ἐπεὶ ζέσσεν ὕδωρ ἐνὶ χαλκῷ Il. 18.349:=Od. 10.360. Cf. Od. 8.426.

      To a λέβης: κανάχησε χαλκός Od. 19.469 .–

    • i

      Collectively to implements in general: ὄγκιον ἔνθα κεῖτο χαλκός, ἀέθλια τοῖο ἄνακτος Od. 21.62.

  • 3

    In generalized sense

  • • a

      Of weapons, the spear,, the sword, my, his, etc., spear or sword: Ἑκτόρεον χιτῶνα δαϊξαι χαλκῷ Il. 2.417, εἰ μαχοίατο χαλκῷ Il. 4.348, χαλκῷ δῃώσας Il. 8.534. Cf. Il. 4.511, Il. 5.132, Il. 7.77, Il. 9.458, Il. 12.227, Il. 13.323, Il. 16.497, Il. 16.126, Il. 18.236, Il. 21.568, Il. 24.393, etc.: Od. 4.226, 257, Od. 11.120, Od. 13.271, Od. 6.271, Od. 19.522, Od. 20.315, Od. 22.219, etc.

    • b

      Of cutting implements, the axe, the knife, etc.: περί ἑ χαλκὸς ἔλεψε φύλλα Il. 1.236. Cf. Il. 13.180, Il. 19.222, Il. 21.455, Il. 23.118, 412: δούραθʼ ἁρμόζεο χαλκῷ Od. 5.162, μῆλʼ ἐσφαγμένα χαλκῷ Od. 10.532, Od. 11.45. Cf. Od. 5.244, Od. 8.507, Od. 12.173, Od. 14.418, Od. 18.86, 309, Od. 21.300, Od. 22.475, Od. 23.196.

χαλκός (-ός, -οῦ, -ῷ, -όν.)

• 1bronze (but the epithet πολιός suggests iron, P. 3.48, P. 11.20) ὅ τʼ ἐν Ἄργει χαλκὸς ἔγνω μιν (the bronze shield, which was given as a prize at the Hekatombaia in Argos) O. 7.83 κεφαλᾶν πολλᾶν νόμον λεπτοῦ διανισόμενον χαλκοῦ θαμὰ καὶ δονάκων (i. e. a bronze mouthpiece) P. 12.25 ἀλλὰ χαλκὸν μυρίον οὐ δυνατὸν ἐξελέγχειν (bronze prizes in the games) N. 10.45 ὁ δʼ ἄφαρ πλεκτόν τε χαλκὸν ὑπερη[ . . ] . ε τραπεζαν προβάτων ἁλυσιωτὸν διʼ ἑρκέων bronze chain fr. 169. 26. esp., sword, spear, πολιῷ χαλκῷ μέλη τετρωμένοι P. 3.48 Κασσάνδραν πολιῷ χαλκῷ πόρευʼ Ἀχέροντος ἀκτὰν παρʼ εὔσκιον νηλὴς γυνά P. 11.20 ἤλασε Λυγκέος ἐν πλευραῖσι χαλκόν N. 10.70

χαλκός : copper or bronze (an alloy of copper and tin; brass, which is made of copper and zinc, was unknown to the ancients), Od. 1.184. The word stands often for things made of bronze, knife, axe, weapons and armor in general. Epithets, αἶθοψ, νῶροψ, ἀτειρής, and others appropriate to the things severally designated.

χαλκός, οῦ, ὁ,

• • Icopper, Lat. aes, Hom., etc.; called in reference to its colour, ἐρυθρός, Il.:—copper was the first metal wrought for use, τοῖς δʼ ἦν χάλκεα μὲν τεύχη χάλκεοι δέ τε οἶκοι, χαλκῷ δʼ ἐργάζοντο, μέλας δʼ οὐκ ἔσκε σίδηρος Hes.:—hence χαλκός came to be used for metal in general; and, when men learnt to work iron, χαλκός was used for σίδηρος, and χαλκεύς came to mean a blacksmith. χαλκός also meant bronze (i. e. copper alloyed with tin), not brass (i. e. copper alloyed with zinc, which was a later invention), and this was its sense when applied to arms.
  • IIanything made of brass or metal, as a spear, sword, knife, etc., Il.; χαλκὸν ζώννυσθαι of a warrior girding on his armour, Il., etc.
  • • 2of vessels, a copper, caldron, urn, Hom., etc.
    • 3of a brasen mirror, Anth.
    • 4a copper coin, like χαλκοῦς II, Anth.