imperator

aliae sunt legati partes atque imperatoris
the duties of a legate are distinct from those of a general

impĕrātor (inp-), ōris (archaic form induperator, Enn. Ann. v. 86; 332; 350; 552 Vahl.; Lucr. 4, 967; 5, 1227; cf. 1. init.; but in Enn. also imperator, Trag. v. 34 Vahl.), m. [impero].

• I Orig., milit. t. t., a commander-in-chief, general, = στρατηγός (cf.: dux, ductor).
• • A In gen.: si forte quaereretur, quae esset ars imperatoris, constituendum putarem principio, quis esset imperator: qui cum esset constitutus administrator quidam belli gerendi, tum adjungeremus de exercitu, de castris, etc.... de reliquis rebus, quae essent propriae belli administrandi: quarum qui essent animo et scientia compotes, eos esse imperatores dicerem, utererque exemplis Africanorum et Maximorum; Epaminondam atque Hannibalem atque ejus generis homines nominarem, Cic. de Or. 1, 48, 210: aliae sunt legati partes, aliae imperatoris: alter omnia agere ad praescriptum, alter libere ad summam rerum consulere debet, Caes. B. C. 3, 51, 4: sapiens et callidus imperator, Cic. Inv. 1, 34, 58: bonus ac fortis, id. de Or. 2, 44, 187; cf.: egregie fortis et bonus, id. ib. 2, 66, 268: eosdem labores non aeque esse graves imperatori et militi, id. Tusc. 2, 26, 62: ego sic existimo in summo imperatore quatuor has res inesse oportere, scientiam rei militaris, virtutem, auctoritatem, felicitatem, etc., id. de Imp. Pomp. 10, 28: unum ad id bellum imperatorem deposci, id. ib. 2, 5: nomen invicti imperatoris, id. Verr. 2, 4, 38, § 82: Themistocles ... imperator bello Persico, id. Lael. 12, 42: cum pro se quisque in conspectu imperatoris ... operam navare cuperet, Caes. B. G. 2, 25 fin.: insece, Musa, manu Romanorum induperator Quod quisque in bello gessit cum rege Philippo, Enn. ap. Gell. 18, 9, 3 (Ann. v. 332 Vahl.): induperatores pugnare ac proelia obire, Lucr. 4, 967.—As a title, placed after the name: M. Cicero S. D. C. Antonio M. F. Imp., Cic. Fam. 5, 5 inscr.: Cn. Pompeio Cn. F. Magno Imperatori, id. ib. 5, 7 inscr.: Vatinio Imp. S., id. ib. 5, 11 et saep. —
  • B In partic., pregn., in the times of the republic, a title of honor conferred on a general after any important victory: his rebus gestis Curio se in castra ad Bagradam recepit, atque universi exercitus conclamatione Imperator appellatur, Caes. B. C. 2, 26, 1; cf.: Pompeius eo proelio Imperator est appellatus, id. ib. 3, 71, 3; Cic. Phil. 14, 4, 11; 14, 5, 12; Caes. B. C. 3, 31, 1; Liv. 27, 19, 4; Inscr. Orell. 542; 3417 sq. (cf. also Plin. Pan. 12, 1).—
• II Transf. beyond the milit. sphere.
• • A In gen., a commander, leader, chief, director, ruler, master: (Romani) immutato more annua imperia, binos imperatores sibi fecere, i. e. consuls, Sall. C. 6, 7: (vis venti) Induperatorem classis super aequora verrit, admiral, Lucr. 5, 1227: imperator histricus, director, manager, Plaut. Poen. prol. 4: di te servassint semper ... salus interioris hominis amorisque inperator, id. As. 3, 3, 66 (656): familiae, id. Capt. 2, 2, 57 (307): nolo eundem populum imperatorem et portitorem esse terrarum, Cic. Fragm. ap. Non. 24, 22 (Rep. 4, 7 Mos.): dux et imperator vitae mortalium animus est, Sall. J. 1, 3: vitae nostrae necisque, Plin. 29, 1, 5, § 11.—
  • B In partic.
  • • 1 An epithet of Jupiter, Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 58, § 129: signum Jovis Imperatoris, Liv. 6, 29, 8.—
    • 2 The conqueror at a game of chess, Vop. Proc. 13, 2.—
    • 3 The title of the Roman emperors, placed either before or after the name (cf. I.); before it, Suet. Caes. 76; Claud. 12; 26: IMP. CAESARI DIVI IVLI F., Inscr. Orell. 596; so ib. 597; 600; 602; 604 sq.; after it, Suet. Oth. 2; Plin. 5, 2, 1, § 20; Plin. Ep. 3, 5, 9; 4, 17, 8; 4, 22, 4.—Hence afterwards absol.: Imperator, a Roman emperor, Tac. A. 3, 74: velut praesagium insequentis casus, quo medius inter utriusque filios exstitit Imperator, Suet. Galb. 6; id. Claud. 13; 29; id. Galb. 3, 6, 20; id. Vit. 3 et saep.

imperātor, ōris, m. (impero), jeder Befehlshaber, Vorgesetzte, Gebieter, I) eig.: A) im allg.: familiae (des Hausgesindes), Plaut.: imp. histricus, Direktor der Schauspieler, Plaut.: imp. populus, Tac.: populus est imp. omnium gentium, Cic.: vitae, Sall.: vitae necisque, Plin.: im Wortspiel mit imperare provinciam (ein Amt anweisen), Plaut. mil. 1159 u. 1160. – B) insbes., der oberste Befehlshaber beim Heere, der Feldherr, griech. στρατηγός, Caes., Cic. u.a. – dah. ein Ehrentitel, den ein Feldherr nach einem ansehnlichen Siege vom Heere und Senate erhielt, Caes., Cic. u.a.: als Titel gew. dem Namen nachgesetzt, Cn. Pompeio Cn. F. Magno Imperatori, Cic. ep. 5, 7 lemm. – II) übtr.: A) Beiname Jupiters, Cic. Verr. 4, 129. – B) der Sieger im Schachspiele, Vopisc. Proc. 13, 2. – C) seit Cäsar (s. Suet. Caes. 76, 1) ein Titel der Herrscher u. dem Namen bald vor-, bald nachgesetzt (vgl. no. I, B), der Herrscher, Gebieter, Gewalthaber (s. Nipp. Tac. ann. 1, 3), imp. Augustus, Suet.: Otho imp., Suet.: Vespasianus imp., Plin. ep.: imp. Nerva, Plin. ep. – dann absol. = röm. Kaiser, Suet. u. Plin.: scaenicus (auf der Bühne auftretender), von Nero, Plin. pan. – ➳ inpeirator, Corp. inscr. Lat. 2, 5041. – Nbf. induperator, s. bes.

imperator [CL] 1 one who commands or gives orders. b military commander; c (transf., w. ref. to exorcism). d (w. ref. to Christmas festivities). GlH D 420 (v. dictator 1b).  b s800 Carolus ‥ ipse armipotens ~or ‥ hanc dignitatem ipso die meruit ab omni populo percipere ut imperator totius orbis appellaretur et esset Byrht. HR 62 p. 64.  c Deum ‥ supplices deprecamur ut hunc famulum tuum Ill. [? l. N.] benedicere dignetur in officium exorcistae ut sit spiritalis ~or ad abiciendos demones de corporibus obsessis Egb. Pont. 13.  d 1548 quando rex regalis collegii ~or et reliqui veniebant huc REED Cambridge 150. 2 emperor (unspec.). etiamsi bombicinum purpurae peplum et serica ~orum trabea ‥ fulgescat Aldh. VirgP 9 p. 236; 747 laicus homo vel rex vel ~or aut aliquis prefectorum vel comitum Bonif. Ep. 78 p. 169; monarchus, inperator GlC M 278 (cf. ib. M 272: monarchus, singularis rex); ~or ab imperando dicitur, quoniam in totum imperii corpus exercet imperia, puta penes quem est imperandi ab universitate collata potestas Gir. PI I 19 p. 103; s1392 cujus [sc. ducis Lancastrie] adventui rex Francie non minora parari fecit quam pro adventu ~oris cujusque maximi providisset Wals. HA II 205; hic ~or, a nemperour WW. 3 (dist. as): a Roman; b (of Western empire from A. D. 284 until collapse in A. D. 476; predominantly Christian from A. D. 313); c (of Eastern or Greek empire, continuing independently after collapse of Western; later usu. dist. as Constantinopolitanus, Byzantinus, or sim.; collapsed in A. D. 1453); d ‘Holy Roman’ (founded in A. D. 800 in succession to collapsed Western Roman empire; sts. dist. as ~or Alemannorum or sim. because Frankish or German kings usu. ruled empire also); e Mongolian (Tartar); f Persian; g Turkish; h Moroccan; i Spanish (usu. as result of annexation or sim. of independent neighbouring states); j (claimed as title by king); k (pretended). a Britannia ‥ temporibus ~orum Romanorum et passa est et aliis intulit civibus ‥ mala Gildas EB 4; Claudius ~or ab Augusto quartus Bede HE I 3 p. 15; 747 sub paganis ~oribus Bonif. Ep. 78 p. 165; ~or, Caesar vel Augustus, casere Ælf. Gl. 109; usque ad destructionem Jerusalem et templi, que a Tyto Romanorum ~ore facta fuit Petrus Dial. 92; Julius Cesar primus et potentissimus ~or P. Blois Ep. 59. 176B; in jus ~orum, qui Christi apostolorumque ejus temporibus Romano presidebant imperio, ‥ dominus Ludovicus Romanorum imperator succedens Ockham Pol. I 278; non solum autem ~ores infideles, qui erant tempore Christi et apostoli [? l. apostolorum] fuerunt veri imperatores, sed eciam plures postea imperatores pagani, qui non cognoverunt imperium a papa et omnes Christianos crudelissime persecuti fuerunt, veri imperatores a Christianis et sanctis reputati fuerunt Ib. III 279; o Deus! ‥ non voluisti solvere tributum ~ori Romano pro te et pro Petro Gascoigne Loci 69.  b Dioclitianus ~or augustae potestatis monarchiam gubernans Aldh. VirgP 41; 735 regnantibus Christianis ~oribus Bonif. Ep. 33 p. 57; de regibus igitur Romanorum et de ~oribus tam Romanorum quam Grecorum, sub quibus fides catholica propagari meruit, diligentius intuendum est R. Niger Chr. I 19; [Longobardi] libenter venerunt [sc. in Italiam] et in prejudicium ~orum in ea regnaverunt diu Ib. 54; s582 Justinus ‥ adoptavit Tiberium et declaravit eum Augustum vel ~orem Ib. 54; hunc ~orem [sc. Valentinianum] beatus Ambrosius excommunicavit ut regem Italie, non ut ~orem Rome Id. Chr. II 129; Philippus ‥ primus omnium Christianus ~or fuit Gerv. Tilb. II 16 p. 928.  c [Constantinus] ~or in civitate quae Bizantium vocabatur Aldh. VirgP 25 p. 258; ~oribus Constantinopolitanis jamdudum a solita virtute degenerantibus W. Malm. GR I 68 p. 71; Constantinopolitanus ~or Romanum imperium rexit et Illirico Italieque multisque aliis nationibus et linguis prefuit Ord. Vit. I 24 p. 156; callidus ~or Grecorum Ib. VII 7 p. 179; preter incomoda que dolo Constantinopolitani ~oris ‥ acciderant Christianis J. Sal. Hist. Pont. 24 p. 54; in auro pannisque sericis ~or Bizancius et rex Siculus gloriantur Map NC V 5 f. 64v; Robertus Wischardus ‥ eatenus invaluit ut ‥ ad fugam abegerit citra mare imperatorem Romanum et ultra mare ~em Constantinopolitanum et in mari ducem Venetiarum R. Niger Chr. I 84 (cf. id. Chr. II 162: Wiscardus ‥ vicit Venetios et Alexium ~em Bizanzenum et Henricum imperatorem a Roma expulit); s1193 rex ‥ applicuit in Romania, sc. in loco qui dicitur Cuurefy [sc. Corfu], qui jurisdictioni subicitur ~oris Constantinopolitani Diceto YH 106; 1424 Manueli, Dei gracia ~ori Constantinopolitano Bekynton I 285; 1438 ex parte Orientalium ‥ dominus ~or Romeorum (v. despotes b); ~or Orientalium Christianorum Gascoigne Loci 10.  d c801 domino excellentissimo atque omni honore dignissimo C. regi, ~ori atque Augusto victoriosissimo ‥ salutem Alcuin Ep. 249 (cf. ib. 257: 802 domino glorioso K. ~ori augustissimo atque Christianissimo); s1118 rex vero Teutonicus, qui et Romanus ~or, audito papam huic vitae decessisse, Romam advolat Eadmer HN 296; Lotharius ‥ nomen ~oris usurpans regnavit annis quindecim in ea que jacet juxta Alpes parte Germanie et nunc Lotharingia quasi regnum Lotharii dicitur W. Malm. GR II 110 p. 110; s1106 Henricus ~or Alemannorum ‥ exspiravit Ord. Vit. XI 18 p. 221; ~or Romanus, quem dicunt Alemannorum Map NC V 5 f. 64v; ante Karolum, patrem Ludovici, patricii tantum erant Francorum reges senatus Romani, non ~ores Gerv. Tilb. II 19 p. 942; s1284 in Alemannia quidam trufator subito se palam manifestans Fredericumque quondam Romanorum ~orem ‥ se esse simulans ‥ se ut dominum et ~orem ab omnibus fecit venerari Chr. Bury Cont. A f. 172; s1348 rex Edwardus ‥ Coloniam adiit, ubi ~orem Bavarrum [sc. Louis IV] sibi conciliavit Higd. VII 44 P. 334; Martinus [sc. Polonius] ‥ dicit etiam dictum Henricum [sc. primum] non fuisse ~orem Romanorum sed Theutonicorum tantum Capgr. Hen. 13; s1416 ~or Rome venit in Angliam W. Worc. Ann. 759.  e Bacon Maj. I 368, etc. (v. Chaganus); s1300 Cassan, rex magnus, Tartarorum cham, id est inperator Chr. Bury Cont. B f. 200v.  f Arnulphus ~or Persarum baptizatur Gerv. Tilb. II 16 p. 930.  g quo facto, viso et audito a perfidis Turcis paganis, percussit eos Deus et eorum perfidum ~orem tanto timore et horrore quod ‥ Gascoigne Loci 8.  h s1171 Avigoz ~or de Marroc transfretavit mare Affricum G. Hen. II I 23 (cf. R. Howd. II 33: Avigoth Armiramimoli, ~or Affricanorum); s1190 Baioc al Miramimoli, ~or de Maroc et de Hyspania Saracenica G. Ric. I 117.  i Alfunsus gloriosus Hyspanie ~or Petrus Dial. 2; s1154 Ludovicus rex Francorum duxit uxorem filiam Anforsi regis Hispaniarum, ‥ quem, quia principatur regulis Arragonum et Galicie, ~orem Hispaniarum appellant Torigni Chr. 178; Radamirus, ~or Hispanie, Adarram, regem Sarracenorum, gravi confecit prelio R. Niger Chr. I 80; in Hispania ~ori Xanthio successit Alphonsus, filius ejus, ‥ qui reges Hispaniarum suo subjecit imperio Ib. 87.  j 798 ego [Coenwulf] ‥ rector et ~or Merciorum regni anno secundo imperii nostri ‥ CS 289; 949 (13c) Eadred rex rite Anglorum gloriossimus rectorque Noþhanhimbra [sic] et paganorum ~or Brittonumque propugnatur Ch. Burton 9 (= CS 884); 956 (11C) Eadwi rex nutu Dei Angulseaxna et Northanhumborum ~or, paganorum gubernator Breotonumque propugnator CS 937; †964 ego Eadgarus Anglorum basileus omniumque regum insularum oceani que Britanniam circumjacent cunctarumque nationum que infra eam includuntur ~or et dominus, gratias ago ipsi Deo omnipotenti regi meo qui meum imperium sic ampliavit et exaltavit super regnum patrum meorum CS 1135 (cf. ib.: ~or regum gentium); cum decus ducum et totius Albionis ~or [sc. Eadgarus] ex hujus turbine mundi variantis esset raptus Byrht. V. Osw. 448.  k s1191 rex ‥ apud Cyprum applicuit, loco qui vocatur Limezun. Cursac autem dominus terre, qui se vocabat ~orem, ‥ regi portum prohibiturus occurrit Diceto YH 91; s1191 Cursac ‥ falso quoque nomen usurpaverat ~oris Itin. Ric. II 29 p. 183; s1284 (v. 3d supra). 4 (applied to God or Christ, esp. w. ref. to notion of Christus miles). a nostro ~ore Deo Ailr. Serm. 220B (v. describere 4b); Salvatorem ‥ suum et ~orem in hoc sequens, nisi quod tam strenuus summi ~oris miles hic non jam nummularios ‥ sed gladiatores ipsos ‥ attentavit ejicere H. Bos. Thom. VI 2 p. 494; in hoc etiam miles suo conformis ~ori Ib. VII 1 p. 530; cum angeli mittantur nonnumquam ad completionem edicti summi ~oris Neckam NR I 4 p. 29.

impĕrātŏr, (6) ōris, m. (impero), ¶ 1 celui qui commande, chef, maître : Pl. Pœn. 4 ; Cic. Rep. 4, 7 ; Sall. C. 6, 7 ; J. 1, 3 ; Plin. 29, 11 ¶ 2 chef dʼarmée, général : Cic. de Or. 1, 210 ; etc. ; Cæs. C. 3, 51, 3 ; etc. || titre décerné au général victorieux : Cic. Phil. 14, 11 ; Cæs. C. 3, 31, 1 ; Liv. 27, 19, 4 || [fig.] homme de guerre, capitaine : Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 95 ; 5, 2, etc. || [épithète de Jupiter] Jupiter impérator : Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 129 ¶ 3 empereur : Suet. Cæs. 76 ; Claud. 12 ; Plin. Min. Ep. 3, 5, 9, etc.

➳ arch. induperator Enn. Ann. 83 ; 326, etc. ; Lucr. 4, 967 ; 5, 1227.

imperator , oris. m.
出命者。元帥。皇帝。總官。— provinciae 總督。

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imperātor (inp-) ōris, m

• impero, a commander-in-chief, general: imperatoris virtus, T.: invictus: partes imperatoris, Cs.: id est dominum, non inperatorem esse, S.—Imperator(a title conferred on a victorious general): Pompeius eo proelio Imperator est appellatus, Cs.—A commander, leader, chief, director, ruler, master: (Romani) binos imperatores sibi fecere, i. e. consuls, S.: inperator vitae mortalium animus est, S.—An epithet of Jupiter, C., L.—An emperor, chief of the empire: Traianus, Ta.

Imperātor

A Roman title, originally the designation of each separate possessor of an independent command (imperium). In the course of time it became customary to assume the title after a man had gained his first great victory, usually after having been greeted as imperator either by the soldiers on the battlefield, or by the decree of the Senate. Under the Empire the title, which was seldom conferred by Augustus, was granted for the last time by Tiberius, A.D. 22. It was usually followed by a triumph, and ceased when the triumph was over. As a permanent title, it was first assumed by Caesar, whose adopted son and heir, Octavian (Augustus), bore it as an inherited cognomen, and from the year B.C. 40 onwards, according to a custom that arose at that time, substituted it for his previous praenomen Gaius, instead of Caesar Imperator (Mommsen, Staatsr. ii.3 pp. 767-770). His immediate successors, Tiberius, Caligula, and Claudius abstained from using this praenomen; Nero used it frequently, but it first became permanent with Vespasian. The emperors also took the title Imperator, in its earlier signification, after a victory won by themselves or on their behalf. See imperium.