incendium

frumentum incendio corruperunt
they destroyed the grain with fire

incendium , iī, n.: a burning, conflagration; flame, fire, 2.706; desolation, 1.566; fiery material, firebrand, 9.71. (incendō)

incendĭum, ĭi, n. [incendo], a burning, fire, conflagration.

• I Lit. (freq. and class.; equally common in sing. and plur.): incendium facere, to set fire to, Cic. Par. 4, 2, 31; Caes. B. G. 5, 19 fin.: excitare, restinguere, Cic. Mur. 25, 51 (v. under II.): in ipso urbis incendio, Caes. B. C. 1, 5, 3: frumentum flumine atque incendio corruperunt, id. B. G. 7, 55, 8: omnia incendiis vastare, Hirt. B. G. 8, 25, 1; cf.: nihil cogitant nisi caedes, nisi incendia, nisi rapinas, Cic. Cat. 2, 5, 10: si incendium in arce fuerit, Quint. 7, 7, 4: si janua tenebitur incendio, id. 2, 13, 16: cunctos qui proelio superfuerant, incendium hausit, Tac. H. 4, 60 fin.: neglecta solent incendia sumere vires, Hor. Ep. 1, 18, 85; cf. Verg. A. 5, 680: Aetna nocturnis mirus incendiis, Plin. 3, 8, 14, § 88: vivendum est illic, ubi nulla incendia, Juv. 3, 197: incendia praedandi causa facere, Paul. Sent. 5, 20, 1: fortuita incendia, id. ib. 5, 20, 3.—
• • B Transf.
  • • 1 In gen., fire, burning, heat (poet. and in post-Aug. prose): siderum, Plin. 2, 68, 68, § 172: Auster Africae incendia cum serenitate affert, id. 18, 33, 76, § 329: stomachi, Lucr. 4, 872.—
    • 2 Concr., a firebrand, torch (poet.), Verg. A. 9, 71; Ov. M. 14, 539.—
• II Trop., fire, flame, heat, glow, vehemence (class.; a favorite trope of Cic.).
• • A In gen.: si quod esset in suas fortunas incendium excitatum, id se non aquā sed ruinā restincturum, Cic. Mur. 25, 51 fin.; cf. id. Rep. 1, 1: miseriarum, id. Tusc. 4, 32, 69: invidiae incendio conflagrare, id. Cat. 1, 11, 29: incendio alieni judicii conflagrare, Liv. 39, 6, 4: res cogit, huic tanto incendio succurrere omnes, qui, etc., Asin. Poll. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 33, 5: populare, Liv. 22, 40, 3: annonae, a raising of the price of corn, Manil. 4, 168; Ps.-Quint. Decl. 12, 4.—
  • B Esp., the fire of passion: ita mihi in pectore atque in corde facit amor incendium, Plaut. Merc. 3, 4, 3 (590): cupiditatum incendiis inflammatus, Cic. Fin. 5, 24, 70: restinctis jam animorum incendiis, id. Or. 8, 27: oratione concitare, id. de Or. 2, 47, 197: abstruso pectus ejus flagravit incendio (i. e. dolore), Vell. 2, 130, 4: militaris tumultus, id. 2, 125, 4: aliae Satyris incendia mitia praebent, enkindle, inflame, Ov. F. 1, 411: movere, id. A. A. 2, 301.

incendium, iī, n. (incendo), der Brand, das brennende Feuer, I) eig. u. meton.: 1) eig.: a) die Feuersbrunst, inc. excitare, Cic., conflare, Liv., facere, Cic.: conclamatum in vicino incendium, es ertönte der Feuerruf, Sen. – b) das Feuer, die Glut, der Brand, die Hitze, sideris, Plin.: auster Africae incendia cum serenitate affert, Plin.: palla novam incendio nuptam abstulit, Hor.: quae stomacho incendia praebent nostro, Lucr. – 2) meton., Feuerbrand, Fackel, incendia poscit, Verg.: iactas incendia dextrā, Ov. – II) übtr.: a) der Brand, die helle Flamme, das Feuer, die Glut des Krieges, Aufruhrs usw., belli civilis, Cic.: militaris tumultus, Vell.: civitatis, Cic.: urbis, Caes.: huic tanto incendio succurrere, Cic.: incendium meum (den mich bedrohenden Brand) ruinā restinguam, Sall.: aluistis hoc incendium, quo nunc ardetis, Liv.: quibus nos olim adiutoribus illud incendium (die katilin. Verschwörung) exstinximus, Cic. – b) das Feuer, die Glut der Leidenschaften, cupiditatum, invidiae, Cic.: irae, Liv.: nostrae incendia mentis, unsere Seelenqualen, Catull.: bes. der Liebe, amoris, Vell.: absol., movere incendium, Ov.: sedare incendium, Ov. – c) die Steigerung, annonae (des Getreidepreises), Ps. Quint. decl. 12, 4: Plur., Manil. 4, 168.

incendium [CL] 1 fire, conflagration; b (fig.). quas ‥ nequaquam flagrantis camini ~ia combusserunt Aldh. VirgP 34; inter globos flammantis ~ii Bede HE I 19 (v. 1 emicare 3a); cum ‥ ~ium non sit causa ignis sed ignis ~ii Anselm (Casus Diab. 2) I 236; flamma pinguedine excitata majoris ~ii incrementa concipit Alex. Cant. Mir. 35 p. (I) 227; ne sentiret ~ium Ailr. An. III 21 (v. durescere a); in ignis ~io R. Cold. Cuthb. 47 (v. decertare c).  b 1128 fornax et ~ium totius iniquitatis, sc. Robertus Burgonensis miles E. Ch. Scot. 80. 2 fire as cause or means of destruction; b (pl., w. ref. to warfare). c (in less spec. sense) destruction. ventus qui a meridie flans urbi ~ia sparserat Bede HE II 7; post ~ia urbium stragesque populorum Asser Alf. 83; 1280 per ~ii ‥ dispendia (v. exinanitio 4); s1327 monasterii evidencias ‥ ~io consumpserunt (v. defesantia b); s1347 tentoriis suis in ~ium positis Avesb. 115; 1431 (v. demolitio a).  b rapinis et ~iis W. Jum. V 4 (v. exterminare 2b); cedibus et ~iis Gir. EH I 11 (v. exterminium 2b); rapinis, cedibus, ~iis W. Newb. HA V 17.  c 799 non ego duo minuta in templum Romano periturum ~io defero, sed duo magna praecepta caritatis in templum Dei vivi Alcuin Ep. 166 p. 268; Roma ‥ ~ium suum horruit sub Alarico Gerv. Tilb. II 17 p. 932. 3 (leg.) arson. de omni homicidio et omni robaria et omnibus ~iis [AS: æt eallum ðam hearmum] que facta sunt antequam pax fuerat instituta (Quad.) GAS 224; bærnet[gl.: quod dicimus ~ium] (Ib.) Ib. 353 (cf. Inst. Cnuti: combustio); super ~ii crimine V. Will. 289 (v. defunctio); crimen ~ii Glanv. XIV 4 tit.; 1265 de ~io domorum (v. depraedatio b); placita de crimine lese majestatis ut de ‥ raptu, ~io, roberia [etc.] Hengham Magna 2; quatuor placita reservabuntur ad curiam domini regis, que ad coronam spectant, viz. de raptu mulieris, de ~io, de murdro, et de roboria que dicitur rapina (Stat. Alex. II 14) RegiamM II f. 26; 1323 indictatus ‥ de ~io domorum SelCCoron 80. 4 fire, death by burning. s1236 quamplures [hereticos] ad fidem converti refutantes fecit ~io conflagrari, ita quod infra duos vel tres menses circa quinquaginta fecit incendi vel vivos sepeliri M. Par. Maj. III 361 (cf. Flor. Hist. II 218: ~io fecit miseras animas exalare); s1340 (v. 2 flagratio). 5 supernatural fire: a (of hell); b (of purgatory); c (w. ref. to spiritual purification or illumination). a 955 aeternis baratri ‥ ~iis (v. 3 deputare 5a); audit regem obiisse, animam illius statim gehennalibus ~iis tradendam Osb. V. Dunst. 30; eos ‥ quos gehennale ~ium et pena infinibilis pravis deputata judicibus non deterret P. Blois Ep. 95. 302D; duas simul animas ‥ gehennalibus ~iis et perpetue damnationi donans Gir. Spec. II 1 p. 34; 1236 de ~io sempiterni ignis Gros. Ep. 23 p. 94.  b per purgantis ~ii adustionem Coggesh. Visio 13.  c de magno illo ~io in celestibus ‥ scintillulam aliquam a Patre luminum impetremus J. Ford Serm. 13. 4; purgatur anima ‥ sacris ~iis Rolle IA 272. 6 volcanic fire. in Sicilia ubi Aetnae montis ~ium legitur Lib. Monstr. I 11; cum Aetnaei montis ~ia favillis late scintillantibus bullirent Aldh. VirgP 41. 7 branding (of animal). 1453 pro expensis virorum congregatorum ad ~ia et intruncacionem equorum indomitorum ExchScot 600. 8 fiery heat, sensation resembling fire. Eadwardus ‥ decoctus ~io adversi languoris Osb. Clar. V. Ed. Conf. 19; non jam vicissitudine tertiane febris, ut prius, sed continuati ~ii acumine urebatur Canon. G. Sempr. 158; nudum se in illis spinarum aculeis et urticarum ~iis projecit Gir. GE II 10 p. 213; per arterias ‥ necesse est aerem attrahere et ejus [sc. cordis] ~ium mitigare [Trevisa: to slake þe hete and brennynge þerof] Bart. Angl. III 12. 9 (fig., w. ref. to violence, danger, or sim.). salutifera exhortatione coeptum tanti periculi funditus extinguit ~ium Bede HE IV 19 p. 249; Stilbon philosophus ‥ capta patria ejus ‥ ab ~io publico solus exiret W. Burley Vit. Phil. 86. 10 (w. ref. to passions). amoris ~ium J. Ford Serm. 3. 1 (v. incentivus 1); juvent me pueri, quos pudicitia / intacta liliat et nevi nescia, / qui nondum senciunt carnis incendia, / quod nondum Veneris discerpit lamia Walt. Wimb. Palpo 166; ire ~io NLA II 69 (v. deliberatorie).

incendĭum, (8) ĭī, n. (incendo), ¶ 1 incendie, feu, embrasement : facere, excitare Cic. Par. 31 ; Mur. 51, allumer un incendie || chaleur brûlante : Plin. 2, 172 ; 18, 329 || [poét.] torche pour mettre le feu : Virg. En. 9, 71 ; Ov. M. 14, 539 ¶ 2 [fig.] : cupiditatum incendia Cic. Fin. 5, 70, le feu des passions ; animorum incendia Cic. Or. 27, ardeur des sentiments, cf. Cic. de Or. 2, 197 || incendium belli Cic. Rep. 1, 1, les flammes de la guerre ; hoc tanto incendio civitatis Cic. Fam. 9, 3, 1, quand la cité est en proie à un tel incendie [de tels troubles], cf. Cic. Domo 129 ; incendium populare Liv. 22, 40, 3, les feux de la passion populaire.

incendium , ii. n.
着火。失火。— invidiae 嫉妒之切。Fuit incendium 遭回祿。Annonae incendium 歉糧。歉年。

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incendium ī, n

• in+CAND-, a burning, fire, conflagration: calamitosum, S.: in incendiis faciendis, Cs.: frumentum flumine atque incendio conruperunt, Cs.: nihil cogitant nisi incendia: neglecta solent incendia sumere virīs, H.: incendia gentes In cinerem vertunt, O.: socios incendia poscit, i. e. firebrands, V.—Fig., fire, flame, heat, glow, vehemence: in suas fortunas excitatum: incendio alieni iudici conflagrare, L.: cupiditatum incendiis inflammatus: incendia mitia, gentle passions, O.

INCENDIUM

INCENDIUMthe crime of setting any object on fire, by which the property of a man is endangered. It was thus a more general term than the modern arson, which is limited to the act of wilfully and maliciously burning the property of another. The crime of incendium was the subject of one of the laws of the Twelve Tables, which inflicted a severe punishment on the person who set fire to property maliciously (sciens prudens); but if it were done by accident (casu, id est negligentia), the law obliged the offender to repair the injury he had committed (Dig. 47, 9, 9). The punishment, however, of burning alive, which is mentioned in the passage of the Digest referred to, is supposed by modern commentators not to have been contained in the Twelve Tables, but to have been attributed to earlier times in the imperial period. In the Second Punic War a great fire broke out at Rome, which was evidently occasioned humana fraude. The offenders were discovered and punished (animadversum est), but Livy unfortunately does not state in what manner (Liv. 26.27). The crime of incendium was the subject of various enactments in the last century of the Republic. Sulla in his Lex Cornelia de sicariis punished malicious (dolo malo) incendium, but only in the city or within a thousand paces of it, with aquae et ignis interdictio, since it was frequently employed as a means for the perpetration of murder, which was especially the subject of this law (Dig. 48, 8, 1). Cn. Pompeius in B.C. 52 made incendium a crime of vis by his Lex Pompeia de vi, in consequence of the burning of the Curia and the Porcia Basilica on the burial of Clodius; and the dictator Caesar also included it in his Lex Julia de vi, which enacted that any act of incendium committed by large numbers of men, even if the object of their assembling together was not incendium, should be treated as vis and punished with aquae et ignis interdictio (Cic. Phil. 1.9, 23; cf. Parad. 4). The more recent Lex Julia de vi seems to have been less severe, but it is uncertain what punishment it ordained (Paul. 5, 26, 3). The crime of incendium fell equally under vis publica and vis privata (Dig. 48, 6, 5; Paul. l. c.): and besides the two criminal prosecutions given by the Lex Cornelia de sicariis and the Lex Julia de vi publica seu privata, a person could also bring actions to recover compensation for the injury done to his property: (i.) by the actio legis Aquiliae, in case of accidental incendium (Dig. 9, 2, 27, 5; 48, 19, 28, 12); (ii.) in the case of a person who had committed robbery or done injury during an incendium, there was a praetorian action de incendio, which compelled him to restore fourfold the amount (Dig. 47, 9, 1to 5). In the imperial period various distinctions were made in the crime. First, a distinction was made according to the greater or smaller danger of the incendium to the contiguous objects: thus incendium in the city was punished with more severity than incendium in the country (Dig. 48, 19, 28, 12; 47, 9, 1, 12;--Paul. 5, 20, 1 and 2). Secondly, a distinction was made according as the act had been performed dolo, culpa, or casu. If the incendium was not malicious, but still might have been avoided by ordinary care, and when casus therefore approximated to culpa, a person had to make compensation, and if he was unable to pay damages he might receive a slight punishment ( levius castigatur, modice vindicatur, Dig. 47, 9, 9and 11; 48, 19, 28, 12: cf. Coll. Leg. 12, 6; Paul. 5, 3, 6); but if the incendium was purely accidental (fortuitum), no compensation was necessary (Dig. 48, 19, 28, 12).

During the later Republic incendium, as falling under the Lex Cornelia or the Lex Julia, would have formed the subject of an ordinary JUDICIUM PUBLICUMDuring the Empire it gave rise to a cognitio extraordinaria, held usually by the Praefectus urbi, but in some cases by the Praefectus vigilum. The more serious cases, those that involved dolus, or culpa of an aggravated character, came before the Praefectus urbi (Dig. 1, 15, 3and 4), who could exercise his discretion in inflicting any of the severer punishments attached to the crime. The only fixed rule as to the penalty was that malicious incendium in the town was punished capite (Dig. 49, 9, 12, 1); the position of the guilty party often determining the mode of punishment. Thus humiliores were thrown to wild beasts, and the penalty of being burnt alive was probably reserved for the same classes; those in a better position ( in aliquo gradu) were punished by the sword (Dig. l. c.), and for those of a still higher rank ( altiores) deportatio was the penalty. Milder cases of incendium, those which were not committed dolo, but in which casus approximated to culpa, were tried summarily by the Praefectus vigilum, in virtue of the jurisdictio he exercised as chief of the fire-brigade at Rome (Mommsen, Staatsr. ii.2 p. 1058; see VIGILES). He tried those who had carelessly given rise to fires in their own homes ( qui negligentia apud se ignes habuerint, Dig. 1, 15, 4), and thus endangered the property of others; sometimes he dismissed the accused with a caution, but in cases of culpable negligence he might punish fustibus or flagellis (Dig. 1, 15, 4). He probably had the preliminary cognisance in all cases of incendium, since it was his duty to remit the more aggravated cases to the jurisdiction of the Praefectus urbi (Dig. 1, 15, 3and 4).

(Rein, Criminalrecht der Römer, pp. 765-774.)

[W.S] [A.H.G]

Incendium

The crime of causing a fire by which the property of another was endangered. It was thus more comprehensive than our “arson.” As to the methods of extinguishing fires, and regulations relating to fires, see sipho; vigiles.